Political Quarterly
Year:2011 | Volume:41 | Issue:2|Papers Count:21

Since the time conscription has become the main source of man power for armies, a development in the relation between the state and the individual has occurred. Conscription became an institution for nationalistic re-socialization and a symbol for the equality of citizens. It also played an important role in the expansion of freedoms and universal suffrage. After the World War II, a new trend towards employing voluntary and professional soldiers has started. New technologies and strategies required skilled and trained human resources. The invention of advanced nuclear weapons, incapability of conscripts in performing their duties, new strategies according to which great powers are committed to providing external security for some other countries, all facilitated the replacement of conscripts by professional and voluntary soldiers. Therefore, it is expected that in the next decade, only a few countries will have compulsory military services.

Nowdays, democracy is become an universal value so that all intellectual tendencies should put it into their concerns. Whether it accepts or not? The central value is caused a change in many political theories to democracy. It seems that one of most important these endeavors is concerned to practitioners of political philosophy that have attempted to revise negative attitudes of it. This article tries to examine the turn and challenge it.

The variety of issues posed by the Internet today cannot be easily neglected by jurists and politicians. These are problems that the international community has no other way but to find appropriate solutions to. The first and most important issue faced in relation to the Internet, is the problem of Internet Governance. The Internet is currently managed by the ICANN, an American company and the US is very much inclined to retain the existing situation. This paper is thus an attempt to first provide an analysis of Internet Governance by ICANN and later to reveal whether International Law places any international responsibility on the US Government for activities undertaken by ICANN? In other words, whether the US Government must be accountable for activities undertaken by ICANN in the area of Internet Governance? The question will be responded to by means of a thorough investigation of relevant international documents on managing the World Wide Web; these would include documents released by the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS).

The aim of this research is to study the amount of student’s interest in political participation in governmental universities of Tehran, and its effective factors. This research has been done with measurement method using the questionnaire tool, and the date of 667 questionnaires from a total of 700 questionnaires distributed among the students of governmental universities are analyzed in it. The findings obtained from the study indicate that the amount of student’s interest in political participation is low. Based on the statistical analyses done, the existence of positive relation between the amount of student’s interest in the political system, their political trust in the authorities, the feeling of political efficiency, political sensitivity, and their political awareness has confirmed. Given this, There isn’t a relation between the student’s socio economical base and their amount of interest in political participation.

Positive political metatheory based on the naturalistic ontology concerning unity of method in science, implies reducing social and political issues to naturalistic one and study the emperical regularities in a similar methodology.Therefore, behaviors political fields considered to be subjected to a causal order that implies explanation and prediction according to deductive structure of scientific theory or deductive-nomological model of scientific explanations. Positive metatheory results in value neutrality and necessity of fact-value distinction. In the logic of positivism, moral values don’t have such an objective ground in empirical reality as facts and therefore should be considered as subjective and relative.Positive political theories such as rational choice theory and systemic functionalism results in value neutrality, in practice demand some kind of instrumental control in macro policy. Hence, as a result of metatheorical positions enacted, political agency in critique, reform and change is being denied.

Relationship of government with the people is problem of Human, that thought of the most of thinkers have engaged in that. Balkhi, the great thinker is not only disregard this problem but also has paid in his works about it. He also emphasizing features such as justice, knowledge, virtue, spirituality that specifies eligibilities of the government, says the good government is spiritual government that its outcomes is rule on hearts. Leader of this is Vali of God (the perfect man) that his rule is manifestation of his kingship, and its concrete example is the rule of Prophet of Islam (PBUH). This government has four fundamental properties: justice, spirituality, virtue and prudence. He regards this relationship, originally guarding, breeding and kindness, not guardianship and domination. Rumi has stressed on fundamental influence of government on people with the analogies like the “soul and body” and “pond and pipes” and ... He has expressed on the government’s responsibilities: tolerance, friendship, justice, serve, ability to be criticized and so on.

Caspian Sea had been used a long time between Iran and the Soviet Union based on agreements of 1920 and 1940, without international importance. After the Soviet’s collapse and with increasing the countries of sea border from two to five, this lake was important due to geopolitical and geo-economical conditions. Following these situations, the legal regime of Caspian Sea needed to be revised. With paying attention to existing challenges among borders countries for accessing justice legal regime, the Islamic Republic of Iran could not have accessed to appropriate legal regime. This paper is looking for just legal regime of Caspian Sea and the reasons that Iran has not accessed to its appropriate share by paying attention to structural-agent approach.

There have been many debates and discussions about the shape of new international system and its structure in post cold war era by the scholars and writers of international relations discipline. Notwithstanding, this question continually being asked that, what kind of structure is being shaped in post cold war era and how does it impact in foreign policy behaviors of political unites in particular, the super power. It seems that, it would be possible to use Kenneth Waltz’s theory of international politics to determine the structure of international system as unipolar and then, to explain the behavior of the major power. At the end, the out coming model will apply to the role of the United State in the post cold war era and compare the behaviors of this super power in two different eras of international System.

Politics As an Arena of Macro Decisions That Influence on Life of all Human, from The Start, Connected to Current Thought in Societies, but because That Such Conjunction done more According to Necessity, Events and or Selectivity, Therefore Led to Specific Results for each Two. In Modern age, for the Sake of Birth of New age and its Reciprocity with Subjective and Objective Structures in Past, Opening in Arena of Politics, Society and Culture, Development in Connections between Humans Reciprocity of Numerous and Difference Thoughts, Performed Connection between Think and act or Knowledge and Power Continually and Diversely, and also Had Effects of Great in Destiny of Humans. One of This New Thoughts, is Pragmatism That Simultaneous with other Theories, done Great Effects to Political view and action and even has become Dominant Approach in Areas of Scientific, Educational and Political for some Societies. Thus, Formation Connection between Thought and Praxis is Necessary, Particular for Societies that are more Mentality. In this Article, will become Survey Effects of Application of Pragmatism like other Thoughts in Area of Politics, Issue That Can Reveal One Part of Great and Hidden Angles in Politics and Use as One Method in Political Studies and Researches.

This papers examines the counsel of the formation of the Expediency Discernment Council in the Islamic Republic of Iran. It aims to analyse the reasons why late Imam Khomeini decided to form the council. Having demonstrated the reasons for the formation of the council, its functions, duties and responsibilities, the article pays a particular attention to the late Imam Khomeini. It shows that the idea for such a top ranking decision was the logical approach which Imam Khomeini had toward politics and state. In other words, the council demonstrates Imam Khomeini’s rationalism in politics. Imam Khomeini was aware of the kind of economic, political and social problems which a modern Islamic State such an Iran may confront in managing the state according to Islamic laws. In order to circumvent these problems, he envisaged the Expediency Discernment Council.

As, the terrorism, nowadays, is an important and effective matter that affects different problems especially national security, it is tried to study an important aspect of interaction fields between national security and political development in developing countries and Iran. An important point in this study is to consider terrorism as an strategic phenomenon that follows the procedures including three operational phases (creating mental agitation by frightening people-encouraging governor system to responding and transferring legitimacy) to obtain their owns aims and affect on countries national security. They administer a space interaction and oppositional in related to the people and political governor system so that they can get to their own political aims, too.

Political participation is a process for participatory taking part of individuals & social actors for self-determination, articulation of demands & protections and influence on governmental policy-making. More than two decades, youths have been accepted as an important social actor in consolidated democracies and they have had important presence in the participatory fields especially in social movements. In this article, in the first section, the author tries to explain the impact of socio-structural developments in the last decade on the genesis of new challenges for government and the necessity of active political participation of youths, and then in the second section, the existed participatory institutions of youths will be criticized. Then the author introduces the proposed participatory model for youths according to “Huntington’s institutionalized theory” and “Easton’s systemic theory”.

Among the various efforts coping with the causes and roots of differences in economic development in Iran and South Korea, none has focused on the role of Social Capital. Meanwhile, in recent years, we have been facing the development of a theory about the linkage of social capital and economic development and a great attention has been paid to it by International economic organizations. In this article we have evaluated the theory in an empirical study in Iran and South Korea. According to the results, there is a significant relation between low levels of social capital in Iran and failure in achieving development objectives. On the other hand, high levels of social capital in South Korea contribute to the country’s privileged position in terms of economic development.

Cultural change, results from various causes and factors, some parts of them are internal and some are external. This article examines the relationship and correlationship ratio between “self-respect” and “western life style”. The sample populations are selected from 227 youth in Yazd city. The researcher has used Kopper Smith’s standard test of self-respect, and has divided the sample population to “low self-respect” and “high self- respect”. He has also arranged a questionnaire to examine youth’s tendency to western life style in order to measure the correlation coefficient of self-respect with various moral, Economical, social, personal, political and scientific domains. The result of this research shows that the mean difference is found between self-respect and western life style altogether. In other word, whenever self-respect is high, youths’ tendency to western life style is low and vice-versa.

This article attempts to answer this question that what has been the direction of political developments in Iran after the rebolution? And what factors has been influenced on these developments? for responding to these questions and describing future trends has tried to consider within the systems theory.

In order to elucidate the significance and the position of International Cultural Relations in transformation of global peace and security, we should initially study its indicators through the cultural relationships among the nations, public, private and international organizations, social movements, international displacement /migration and modern communication technologies and then we should analyze protection and preservation of global security values such as: human rights, strengthening individual, ethnic and cultural identities, protection of environment, eradication of cultural prejudice and promotion of global peace and security with a due consideration of international cultural relations.

It is not possible, to understand the nature and development of Iran’s foreign policy, without the study of the formation and the relationship of social forces in Iran. The year 1989 is a focal point in Iran’s history, because of socio-economic developments. The rate of industrial development, especially in heavy industry, both in the state and private sector was considerable in that time. The servise sector and Baazar had experienced rapidly growth too. Bureocrats’s role had been consolidated and the second class had gained more obvious form. These changes had deep impacts on the Iran’s foreign policy. The mail goal of authors of this essay is to expose this direct impact, based on their basic assumption.

The world is considering the great change in sphere of globalization process in 21st century in which individuals living on earth are regarded as members of a mutual political entity. Economic globalization is the most significant and conspicuous model of globalization. One of the most important issues in economic globalization process is the function of states in economic policymaking. The present research takes into consideration the effect of economic globalization on economic policymaking of states. The main hypothesis of research is that economic globalization shows a trend in depoliticization of economic policymaking.

Economic policy consists of various methodologies, approaches and models through which the economists devise strategies to influence the overall economy. The integration of theoretical and practical frameworks provides the ground for emerging new models which are a part of economic system of the countries. Each economic model is a combination of specific methodology, theoretical bases and special form of executive approaches. In this paper different economic policy models such as Strategic Analysis, Cyclical Analysis, Decision Making, Organization and Network, Trans-government Institution, Static Equilibrium along with long term economic growth and full employment approaches have been taken into consideration. It is obvious that the appropriateness of each model depends on the international atmosphere and economic status of the countries in which the aforementioned models are applied.