Journal of Economic Research
Year:2001 | Volume:- | Issue:56|Papers Count:9

Stationary sources are reponsible to 96.8 of Sox and 70.1 percent of Nox in Tehran. There are more than 70 thousands factories located in Tehran region. Economic policy measures such as, charges, subsidies, and Non-compliance Fees, and also marketable permits, Bubble policy, Offets, Netting and reforms in banking, are recommended. Automobiles produce 71.2 percent of total air pollution in Tehran, the Greek experience of replacing the old automobiles in Athens is considered as an appropriate model for Tehran. Public utilities ie. refineries and electricity generation plants are also major sources of air pollution in Tehran, where ordinary economic policy measures do not seem to the effective, and alternative policies are to be sought in order to control the air pollution.

This article presents a growth model consistent with economic situation of Iran. Various sectors of the economy are expressed by certain behavioral equations. The suggested model, is designed to incorporate findings of the leading theories of economic growth (Harrod Domar) models, Lewis structural change theory, and the Solow growth model. The model is calibrated using statistical data from Iran"s first and second five year development plans. Structurally set dynamic, the model is able to show the effects of each policy change, on all macroeconomic variables, through the time. Application of the model to real world data indicates that the use of an exhaustible resource is unlikely to foster a long run development. To apply an open door trade policy, in which the trade impediments, are relaxed, the model states that the imports of capital goods for appropriate investment can improve the national welfare of the economy. Productive investment, both foreign and domestic, is indicated as key factor in saving the economy from debt crisis. There are certain provisions embodied in the structure of the basic model, which may identify it as a generally useful macro model applicable to most les developed Economies.

Study of the variables which explain real exchange rate fluctuations and real exchange rate deviation from its long-run equilibrium path, indicates that these variables have negative effects on the supply of agricultural products, for export. Therefore, it seems that any attempt on stabilizing real exchange rate and bringing it closer to its equilibrium rate can be favorable in the expansion of export market for agricultural products. In this article, Islam & Subramanian model (1989) has been used to study the behavior of agricultural goods export in a quantitative, context. For calculating real exchange rate deviation variable from its long -run equilibrium path Cottani & Cavallo & Khan model (1990) is employed, and Pree & Stienher model (1989) has been used for calculation of the real exchange rate unstability index. The results, indicate negative effects of real exchange rate deviation from its long-run equilibrium path, and real exchang rate fluctuations on the supply of agricultural products. It is also indicated that the relative price of agricultural exportable products, and sudden changes in the supply of agricultural products, as well as, technical improvements all are dignificaut factors in the expansion of export market for these products.

There has been extensive debate in Iran over recent years about appropriate exchange regime. Some are fixed exchange rate pros, some advocate the managed floating regime, and others believe in pegging the exchange rate in which nominal exchange rate is annually adjusted to the rate of inflation. In a recent economic reform plan called the "Rihabililation of the Economy", however, the latter is considered as the appropriate exchange regime. The present paper probes that how, and to what extend, compliance with this exchange regime, i.e. "Real Exchange Rate Targeting" would help achieve economic stability. Using macroeconomic model the issue under goes mathematical procedures of analysis and the results in a general implication that the said regime will not yield economic stability because of country"s peculiar status of smaller trade sector compared to non-trade sector. Numerical simulation depicts that economic stability under such an exchange regime may be achievable only if the trade sector of the economy enjoys a later portion.

Exogeneity and controllabillty of money is a basic assumption in Neo-Keynesian and monetarist analysis, as well as most contemprory economic macro-models. Since the 196jOs there has been a greater emphasis on money endogeneity, however, specially among Post-Keynesians and RBS economists. According to post-keynesians, as a result of both growth in real economic activities, and cost pressures, there would be greater for bank credits. Bank credits are used to pay for factor costs, where factor income itself is again returned in part to build up bank deposits. Therefore an increase in real economic activity or a rise in prices would result in an increase money supply, thus making money supply endogenus. In this context, our study suggests that cost pressures can significantly explain the money suply changes in Iran

The empirical investigation of the import demand function has been one of the most popular topics of research in international economics. Traditionally, the relative prices and real income are the most dignficant determinants of the function. This seems questionable on the following grounds; first, it is argued that effective factors in such a function have not been directly derived from utility maximization. Second, the factors in the aggreate import demand,are non-stationary. The objective of this article is to investigate these problems the case of import demand function of the Iranian economy. An intertemporal utility optimization model was used, and an import demand function was obtained. the determinants were the relative prices and an activity index variable "GDP minus export". The results of the analysis indicate that the relative prices do react less in the import demand function of Iran. Findings are identical for the long-run and short-run analysis. Generally, the effects of the income factor-theough the active variable- do react more and are emphasized. Thus, the adjustment of the balance of payments through the elasticites approach deems to be rather uncertain and inappropriate.

There deems to be an interaction among economic, social, cultural phenomenon. Where an improvemnt in one area may lead to an evolutionary growth in the others. This paper attempts to introduce an applied methodology for the evaluation of the impact and effectiveness of the expansion of the communication sector on various sections of Iranian economy. An introductory definintion of the methodology is followed by selection of quantifiable variables and indices. Offical data is employed for testing and application of the hypothesized model. A statistical correlation analysis model is constructed to evaluate the effects of poroposed indices on Economic delevopment index in a time series analysis. Behavioral equations are then utilized in linear prosramming system, in order to optimize the growth capacity of communication sector for the overall socio-economic development. Thus the pursuit of development targets are examined through minimizing the cost of development of the communication sector.

Employment agencies have gained an increasing significance in matching employment and vacancies in the economy. Solo searches by workers, and shorter periods of employment, have necessarily added to the need for third party agents for the matching process in labour markets. Thus the existence of these agents and sole agent searches has created a multiplicity of wages across labour markets. We discuss futher the implications of search and bargaining in this model.