RESEARCH ON ADDICTION
Year:2017 | Volume:11 | Issue:42 |Papers Count:19

Objective: Informing and demonstrating the harmful and negative consequences of narcotics is an effective way to reduce this problem. Today, the education and prevention of addiction have become easier due to the development of mass communication technologies and their effectiveness. Media is a suitable tool for education, awareness raising, and public participation in preventing addiction. Over the past years, the media have become widespread in this regard. The current study sought to answer the question of how effective the various media actions in the field of control and prevention of addiction have been.Method: The research method in this paper was descriptive-analytic and the method of data collection was of a survey type. The statistical population of this study included the total population of the country. A multi-stage cluster sampling was used for sampling.Results: The results of this research showed that the effectiveness of media actions has been weak. This weakness is more evident in areas where drug use is more prevalent. The higher effectiveness and efficiency of the media belonged to TV, internet sites, newspapers, and radio, respectively. The media in this area were more targeted at informing purposes, while educational and training goals were less important. The focus of the media has been on youth age groups, children, and adolescents.Conclusion: Generally, people held very little satisfaction with the effectiveness of various media actions.

Objective: This study was conducted with the aim of modeling the causes of students' tendency to drugs use by means of LLISREL software. Method: This study was carried out as a survey research wherein the number of 220 female students was selected as the participants through stratified random sampling method. The required data were collected through questionnaire.Results: The hypothesis testing results show that the female students' desire for drug use was the same based on education level, parental employment status, and academic discipline; and the observed difference was not significant. In addition, the results of the structural model indicate that religiosity, social capital, family disputes, and social alienation can explain nearly 31% of the variations of female students' desire for drug use. Religiosity and social capital had a negative impact but social alienation and family disputes had a positive effect on female students' desire for drug use.Conclusion: Family disputes and social alienation provide the grounds for the increased desire female students for drug use while social capital and religiosity prevent the increased desire of female students for drug use.

Objective: The current study was an attempt to conduct a comparative evaluation of the success of the actions and measures taken by clinics, camps, and NA groups, and also to develop an efficient model for the prevention and reduction of drug addiction.Method: For this purpose, 150 addicted people (40 men and 10 women) from clinics, camps, and NA groups were qualitatively studied using in-depth interviews.Results: The findings of the present study showed that all the activities of clinics, camps, and NA groups have some strengths and weaknesses.Conclusion: As a result, both dry and methadone treatments should be considered in addiction treatment. In both treatment methods, the continuous relations of addicts with their family requires their participation in activities of the rehabilitation center, and the creation of a sense of security, and employment.

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship of emotional intelligence and socioeconomic status with vulnerability to addiction with the mediating role of basic psychological needs among university students.Method: In this study, which falls within the category of correlational studies, 400 students from Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University were selected using cluster sampling method. Then, they answered Identifying People in Risk of Addiction Questionnaire, Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS), Basic Psychological Needs Scale, and Socioeconomic Status Questionnaire.Results: The results showed that vulnerability to addiction had a significant negative correlation with emotional intelligence and the satisfaction of basic psychological needs. The proposed model had a good fit with the data.Conclusion: The dimensions of emotional intelligence and socioeconomic status can explain vulnerability to addiction in university students because of their facilitative role in the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and, thereby, attention to this matter can lead to the proposal of some recommendations for addiction prevention and treatment.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of hypnosis therapy in relapse prevention, reduction of impulsivity, and decline of craving in treated stimulant users.Method: In a semi-experimental design, a 40-patient group diagnosed by drug dependence was selected via convenience sampling method. They had undergone the detoxification stage and referred to addiction treatment centers. Then, they were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received five 45-minute sessions of group hypnotherapy. The participants were evaluated through morphine test, Barratt Impulsivity Scale, and Drug Craving Scale before and after the end of group therapy. The control group did not receive any training and just awaited treatment.Results: The results showed that hypnotherapy training was effective in relapse prevention, reduction of impulsivity, and reduction of craving for drugs.Conclusion: Hypnotherapy training can be used as an alternative treatment along with other psychological interventions in the treatment of drug dependence.

Objective: This study aimed at investigating the impact of anxious and avoidant attachment styles on addiction potential.Method: This was a correlational study. The population of this study included all Shahid Beheshti University students in Tehran where a 253-student sample was selected by convenience sampling method. In so doing, 253 students were selected through convenient sampling. The participants responded to Zargar's Addiction Potential Questionnaire, Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, and Drug Attitude Scale.Results: The results of path analysis indicated that parental avoidance and anxiety attachment styles had a significant positive relationship with attitude to drugs and addiction potential.Conclusion: In general, drug attitude can act as a mediator between attachment and addiction potential.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the causal relationship of parenting styles and insecure attachment style with addiction potential under the mediating role of personality traits and identity styles in students of Shahid Chamran University.Method: This was a correlational study where 178 participants were selected by multistage random sampling method. Iranian addiction potential scale, Parenting Styles Scale, Insecure Attachment Style Scale (ambivalent/anxiety and avoidance), NEO Personality Inventory (neuroticism and openness to experience), and Identity Style Scale (diffusion and premature identity) constituted the data collection tools in this study.Results: The proposed model was tested using path analysis. To test the indirect correlates, Bootstrap test was used. The results indicated that the proposed model was well fitted with the data. Specifically, the results showed that permissive and authoritarian parenting styles and insecure attachment style had a significant direct effect and an indirect effect through neuroticism, openness, diffusion identity, and premature identity on addiction potential.Conclusion: It was concluded that both proximal factors (personality traits) and distal factors (identity and parenting styles) should be considered for the control and treatment of addiction.

Objective: The present research aimed at investigating the efficiency of interventions of compulsory addiction treatment.Method: The present study is descriptive and is considered as a systematic review or structured review based on its methodology. The statistical population of the study covers all research papers, studies, projects, and reports in Persian and English with regard to the evaluation and findings of compulsory treatment among substance abusers published from 2000 to 2015.Results: After reviewing the studies in databases, the number of eleven papers meeting the inclusive criteria was selected, 54.5% of which were from the U.S.A. These pieces of research indicated that the clients under compulsory treatment experienced more inappropriate conditions. A few of the studies reported that compulsory treatment improved physical and mental health and overall general health of the clients.Conclusion: The studies under review indicated that voluntary treatment had a better outcome than compulsory treatment, although it is recommended that more research be conducted with more appropriate methodologies for reliable decision-making.

Objective: The aim of the present research was to determine the fitness of the model of causal relationships of attachment styles, loneliness, and self-esteem with addiction potential.Method: The current research was a descriptive-correlational one. From among all universities in the city of Kerman, 596 students were selected via multistage cluster sampling method; and responded to Hazan and Shaver’s Adult Attachment Scale (AAS); DiTommaso, Brannen, and Best’s Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (short form); Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale; and Zargar’s Iranian Addiction Potential Scale (IAPS). Path analysis through AMOS software was used to evaluate the model.Results: The attained model enjoyed proper fit indexes. From among the variables, ambivalent attachment style has a direct and significant effect on addiction potential; however, it had a reverse and significant relationship through the mediation role of self-esteem.Conclusion: from among attachment styles, only ambivalent attachment style has both a direct and an indirect relationship with addiction potential under the mediating role of loneliness and self-esteem.

Objective: The aim of this study was to predict cognitive flexibility based on meta-­ worry, anxiety, duration and dose of methadone use.Method: The current research was a descriptive-correlational one. The statistical population of this study included all male drug-dependents who were under methadone treatment in Qazvin in 2016. From among this population, 254 participants were selected via purposive sampling method and completed Wells's Meta-Worry Questionnaire (2005), Beck Anxiety Inventory (1988), and Dennis and Vander Wal's Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (2010).Results: The results of step-wise multivariate regression method showed that meta-­ worry and anxiety significantly predicted cognitive flexibility in men under methadone treatment (p<0.05). Also, during and dose of methadone could not predicting cognitive flexibility (p>0.05).Conclusion: It can be concluded that meta-worry and anxiety have a negative significant correlation with cognitive flexibility. In this way, the high levels of meta-worry anxiety lead to low cognitive flexibility. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on metacognitive components for achieving high cognitive flexibility; in addition drug addicts under methadone maintenance treatment are recommended to use metacognitive therapy.

Objective: The present study aimed at investigating the relationship of emotional regulation and negative affect with craving for drug use with the mediating role of depression.Method: This study was a correlational and structural research. The statistical population of this study included all the addicts hospitalized in addiction treatment centers in West Azerbaijan Province who had been admitted to the centers during the second six months of 2012 (N=526). The number of 216 participants was selected using convenience sampling method from the population and responded to the questionnaires of Behavioural Brain System, Negative Affectivity of PANAS, Emotional Regulation Difficulties, Beck Depression Scale, and Drug Craving Scale.Results: The results of structural correlation analysis showed that the standard coefficients of the paths of emotional regulation difficulties to craving (b=0.62); emotional regulation difficulties to depression (b=0.35); the path of negative affects to craving (b=0.59); the path of negative affects to depression (b=0.41); and the path of depression to craving (b=0.43) were statistically significant. In addition, the lower and upper limits of indirect pathways did not entail emotional regulation difficulties and negative affects to craving through zero depression, which indicates the significance of these indirect paths.Conclusion: One of the main problems of the society is addiction and this problem has mostly involved the active people of the society; on the other hand, depression and emotional control play an important role in this problem. Hence; it is suggested that families and governmental agencies act more effectively in the prevention of behavioral disorders and that counseling centers be used for the treatment and training of life skills.

Objective: Drug addiction is a phenomenon that occurs in any country, whether developed or developing, which is categorized in the group of social ills because of its consequence. This provides the grounds for other harms. The current study was an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in suicidal thoughts and impulsivity in adolescents.Method: The population of the present study included the addicted adolescents who had attended rehab camps in Tehran. The number of 30 participants was selected using convenience non-probabilistic sampling method. Then, the participants were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The questionnaires pertaining to impulsiveness and suicidal thoughts were used for data collection purposes. Cognitive-behavioral therapy was offered to the experimental group, but the control group received no intervention. The posttest was also administered to both groups.Results: The results showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy could significantly reduce impulsivity and suicidal thoughts in addicted adolescents.Conclusion: This type of treatment can be used to treat addicts.

Objective: This study aimed at investigating on the role of emotion regulation difficulties as a mediator in the relationship of family function and satisfaction of basic psychological needs with addictibility.Method: The number of 452 students (245 girls and 207 boys) from the universities in Tabriz was selected through multistage cluster sampling. Then, they filled out Addiction Susceptibility Questionnaire, Family Assessment Device, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction Scale.Results: The results of this study showed the proposed model has a desired goodness of fit with the data and it possible to use emotion regulation difficulties as a mediator in the relationship of family function and the satisfaction of basic psychological needs with addictibility.Conclusion: Emotion regulation difficulties as a mediator in the relationship of family function and the satisfaction of basic psychological needs can explain addiction susceptibility and, thereby, the assignment of attention to this matter can lead to the proposal of some recommendations for addiction prevention and treatment.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to develop the Persian version of Codependency Inventory and assess its reliability and validity.Method: The Persian version of the Co-dependency Inventory was developed using double translation technique and was administered to 430 students (119 males and 311 females) from Kharazmi University of Tehran. The reliability of the Persian version of the Co-dependency Inventory was examined based on internal consistency methods, correlational methods, and test-retest method. In addition, factor analysis, the correlation between sub-scales, and criterion validity were used to assess the scale validity.Results: The Cronbach's alpha range of 0.54 to 0.88 showed that the Persian version of the Co-dependency Inventory and its subscales have a desirable internal consistency. Similarly, the item scores and total scores of the sub-scales had a significant correlation with each other. The value of the test-retest coefficients (0.82-0.88) indicated the stability of the scale. The confirmatory factor analysis supported the 5-factor model of the Co-dependency Inventory. Finally, the existence of specific patterns of correlation coefficients between the subscales of the Persian version and behavioral brain systems and attachment styles indicated the good criterion validity of the scale.Conclusion: The Persian version of Codependency Inventory has desired psychometric features in the Iranian community and can be used in different clinical and research situations.

Objective: In the present study, the effectiveness of emotional self-aware­ ness skills training in increasing impulse control and decreasing tendency to drug use was investigated.Method: In this quasi-experimental study with pre-test post-test/control group, all the male students in third grade high school in district 3 of Ahvaz constituted the population of the study. Among the population, fifty participants were selected via simple random sampling method and were divided into two groups (experimental and control). Only the experimental group was exposed to eleven training sessions of emotional self-aware­ ness. For data collection purposes, Bar-on's Impulse Control Subscale and Zargar's Addiction Potential test were used.Results: The results showed that emotional self- aware­ ness skills training in the experimental group led to the increase of impulse control and the decrease of addiction potential.Conclusion: Emotional self- aware­ ness skills training is necessary to promote prevention of abusive behaviors of narcotics.