GEOPOLITICS QUARTERLY
Year:2009 | Volume:5 | Issue:2 (15)|Papers Count:7

The roots of Iran-Iraq border disputes, as a geopolitical Issue ,should be sought in a long at least three century old conflict which predates the establishment of the modern state of Iraq.After World War 1, and the advent of the League of Nations, Iran-Iraq border disputes have captured the attention of ruling elites in these two countries and have been source of different conflicts. With this background in mind, this research examines the relationship between geopolitics and the legal resolutions of border disputes by focusing and the comprehensiveness and integrity 1975 Treaty; raising and answering this question that can 1975Treaty; as a legal mechanism prevent future geopolitical conflicts between Iran-Iraq? In reply, the paper argues that the previous legal mechanism, i.e. 1937Treaty, was not adequate so the birth of 1975 Treaty is a strategic and legal turning point and the 1975 treaty should be looked as an integrated and comprehensive text. Integrity and comprehensiveness of the 1975 they are key the legal management of the geopolitical conflicts between Iran and Iraq and 3-After the demise of saddam regime, the comprehensiveness of 1975 should be practically followed by the implantation of the protocols annexed to it.

The ever increasing requisiteness of energy especially by industrialized east and south Asia countries established the modern competitors for traditional consumers and competition, effort and endeavor for exploitation and transformation of energy and proposed courses have been inaugurated the new issues in the geopolitics subjects in this manner, the unprecedented increasing in the worldwide demands for energy anticipated the modern periods for geopolitics competitions in the axis economics issues especially in the energy, in order that its producers and consumers countries and powers can plan the modern structure from multilateral relations and continuing its surveying.Locating of Iran in the two most significant regions of Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea awarded the special importance in the geopolitical, strategical and geoeconomical to Iran.This role in the political grounds and in the respect to geographical and energy transformation can be regarded the unique role in that which, in spite of structural capabilities of geopolitics and geo-economics, Iran wasn't enjoying the suitable infiltration geopolitics in the regional and international interactions. In these regard, this paper tries to assess and analyzing the geo-economics position of Iran in the region.

The Caucasian region has been enjoying a strategic significance due to its geographical location since long time back. Although during the Cold War it was under the Soviet domination, since it was located in the geostrategic region of confrontation between two military pacts, that is, NATO and Warsaw, it enjoyed a geostrategic significance. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and independence of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia, it gradually moved from the sphere of influence of Russia to that of the United States. The United States has entered the backyard of Russia, causing concern for Moscow. Each of the regional and extra-regional actors, following their own interests or trying to remove their own security concerns, have created some crises for the region. The territorial, ethnic, political and economic crises created since the collapse of the Soviet Union in early 1990s have remained unsolved and by postponing the development of the region have added to the intensity of the crises. Since there is a contradiction between the interests of the regional and extra-regional powers, they have been pitted against each other widening the scope of the crisis in the region. Due to these very reasons, the Caucasian region, despite enjoying rich natural resources, including oil and gas, suitable infrastructure, active population and trained human resources which are the necessary elements for all-out development, has faced several crises. The present article is an attempt to study the US presence in the region in the light of oil and strategic factors. The US, by following the containment policy that it used to follow during the Cold War is trying to contain Russia as a nuclear power. The present article discusses the US tactics and strategies in this regard.In order to find out the relationship between US presence and other variables including security, oil and color revolutions, attempts have been made to study the US strategic and economic objectives in the region.

In the field of security studies, whether comprehensive studies including political changes and academic endeavor, or classic methods laying emphasis on military issues, or modern theoretical studies, any geopolitical hypothesis to study the international security issues requires a scholarly revision due to the international developments. The present study is an attempt to describe the international security perspective and the variables of the current era through a new and realistic approach based on the nature of security developments in the world and also by relying on the modern geopolitical ideas which play a very important role in the strategic planning and foreign policy of the independent political unites. The main questions of the present paper are: 1- Why the security of the world today and consequently the security of the regions is a function of geopolitical variables? 2- How far the changes in the geopolitical models influence security? 3-Do the geopolitical similarities change permanently?

In the jargon of intentional relations the words region, regionalism and such new words as regionalization have their own specific meanings. If scientific meaning of the concept region is taken into consideration, one cannot consider a region by juxtaposing the countries of a geographical region or conceiving them as a region and expect these countries to enjoy the advantages of regionhood. Some of the present world regions have been turned into a region in a natural historical process because of complementary political, economic and social characteristics and geographic proximity. One of the clear examples of a region in this sense is the East Asia or ASEAN region which has been turned into a perfect region in two decades and today it is considered a model of regional cooperation. The concept Southwest Asia in the international jargon and literature refers to a major chunk of the Middle East or the countries of the Persian Gulf. If we try to use it in a different sense or as a broader geographical region then we will need to clarify the concept region and its characteristics in the geographical region in which we want to use it. The main question of the present paper is: given the prevailing definitions of region and regionalization can one consider the geographical area encompassing Central Asia, Middle East, and parts of South Asia as a region? If the said geographical area does not enjoy the characteristics of a region, cab a region be created in this area? If the countries of this area politically decide to set up such a region, is it possible to create it? The main hypothesis of the present paper is: the geographical area called West Asia does not enjoy the characteristics of a region and its regionalization is difficult.

Today, tourism industry is of great impotence in many countries because of its effects on production, employment and economic development. Islamic countries having cultural and natural heritage and other tourism facilitators and institutions need a strategic movement to focus on tourism industry. In this way they would improve their growth and flourish opportunities. The member countries increasingly activities in recent decade provides us with nice prospect for tourism industry development among Islamic countries, despite of their low level and share in world tourism income. Among member countries, Turkey, Malaysia, Egypt and Morocco have devoted 33 percent of all member countries tourism income, despite of asymmetric geographical distribution of tourism development in Islamic countries. It is a cue of new movement and successful policies in member countries. Beside these field findings, tourism industry experts believe that opportunities along with tourism advantages make Islamic countries to choose offensive strategy. Choosing regional and cluster strategic policies facilitates economic integrity to form Islamic common wealth is tourism mote than other economic fields such perspectives along with enhancement of regional commerce room and justifying route map by them makes realization of this idea from intention to practice as rational.

The present paper is an attempt to depict a picture of the condition of crime-prone places of Golestan Province, with emphasis on urban areas. The garnered data through survey and documents were given to the GIS and the crimes at the town, city and province levels were analyzed by using the following software programs: ArcGIS 9.2; 3D Analyst, and Crime Analysis. The findings of the research indicate that among the crimes studied theft and suicide have the highest frequency rate in Gorgan and Gonbad Kavoos, two great cities of the province. Also drug trafficking, suicide, murder and theft have the highest frequency rates in the cities of the province, but the rate of frequency in each city differs depending on the structure, social and economic features of the city. The dispersion of the crime-prone places, particularly in the urban areas, is in conformity with some of the theories offered in this field, including that of Durkheim who maintains that there is a relationship between increase in the number of crimes and population growth in the cities. The findings are also in congruence with the theories of George King and James Que who maintain that the demolished urban places and debris are effective in the occurrence of crime and disorder in the cities. Likewise the findings fall within the framework of Hall's theory who emphasizes on the relationship between population growth and expansion of urbanization with increase in the rate of crimes. The findings can be analyzed within the framework of several theories.