JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN ASSOCIATION OF ARABIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Year:2016 | Volume:11 | Issue:37|Papers Count:12

When studying narrative, narrative discourse is reviewd. This science evolved in the twentieth century and different ideas were offered about it. The theory of two English stylistics like "Leach" and "Short" are examples of these ideas. This theory is expressed in a book titled Style of Fiction which includes topics such as the methods of thought representation. There are five types of the methods of representation: direct thought, indirect thought, free direct thought, free indirect thought and the narrative report of thought. Contemporary authors like Naguib Mahfouz have used mentioned methods to represent the thoughts in a novel. In this study, an attempt has been made to understand the ideas and knowledge of representation in this novel based on the aforementioned theories. The results indicate that the author has provoked the reader with a lot of thoughts through the main character, used all of them except the free direct, and paid a lot of attention to some methods like free indirect. He sometimes seizes opportunities and also takes other methods, and represents thoughts like cynicism, hatred, love, doubt, revenge, rescue and failure by the above methods.

This article is about one of the Arab poetic school’s prominent poets in the field of literary creations and rebellious innovations against the ancient heritage of Arab literature which is one of the two major vanguards, considering the modern movement in Abbasid era. Hassan bin Hani, titled as Abu Nowas, left his birthplace, Ahwaz, and dwelled in Iraq instead. He was an innovative modern poet under the influence of common social and political currents of his time. Using his poetic language, he reflects the will and sensations of his nation and community. He is a literary man who revolted against ancient literary rituals of his period; a poet who is mixed with wine and lust. He is considered as one of the leaders of poets that united the sense of nationalism and sensuality. But this is not the whole story as in the last years of his life, he turned to asceticism and seclusion; wearing the clothes of fear and hope and writing poems concerning asceticism and ascetic ideas. His latest writings show Abu Nowas’ subtle truth-oriented and art-oriented soul. Therefore, this poet has been chosen to analyze his ascetic elegies and stanzas. Applying stylistics approach, we analyzed his works in the following five different categories: phonetic, syntactic, lexical, semantic and cognitive. The results show that the poet has chosen appropriate syntactic style fitting his own melancholy regarding the phonetic field. Sometimes he has innovated new poetic styles which are structurally similar to Andalusia Stanzas. In syntactic area, his style is a mixture of indicative and creative ones reflecting poet’s ongoing internal challenge and melancholy. Lexically speaking, he uses subtle words with simple meanings without obscurity. In semantic level, he applies different figures of speech like simile, metaphor and allusion. From cognitive point of view, unity of subject and stability of thought around the axis of death-mentioning, selfreproach, vale-blaming and sincere repent is apparent in his elegies.

Hazim al-Qartajannl has different views and ideas about criticism in the Critical Arab heritage and rhetorical, and calls for renewable reading and interpretation. He is also credited with creating a modern critical terminology which were not present in the old part of the Arab critical terminology, including the "Al-minza‘, Al-i‘tāb, Al-taḥjīl, Al-taswīm, Altaḡyīr, Al-iḥāla, Al-arjul, Al-rukn, Al-sabṭ, Al-ja‘da, Al-mutalaqqī". The term "Al-iḥāla" shows the poet dealing with history, and is a reference to the poet, the events of history or treatment of its proceedings, which compares present with the past.Hazim is the first to introduce the term "Alarjul" to the prosody industry; It is an iconic term that refers to the voice clips. The term "Al-rukn" is a term in prosody; It is a static characterthat separates two moveable letters in rhyme. Hazim divided rhythms into "Alsabṭ and Al-ja‘da"; Al-sabṭ is the one which brings the three moveable characters respectively; and, Al-ja‘da is a poeticrhythm in which four static characters of two or three parscome from one part. From Hazim’s Perspective, "Al-minza" is a term used today meaning "poetic method", and "Al-taswīm"is an innovative term used to indicate good beginning of a speech, coined by Andalusia critic. The term "Al-taḥjīl" in the "Minhaj al- Bulagha' wa Siraj al-cUdaba"is called "the good end of the speech" by Arab rhetoric scientists and etc. The goal of each of these terms is to influence "Al-mutalaqqī or recipient". The Hazim al-Qartajannl expanded the circle of Arab cultureand upgraded the Arab mind by creating these new terms in literary criticism. The value of these views has contributed to the enrichment of the old Arab criticism.

Satire in Bousiri’s poetry is divided into three types: religious satires, social satires and Individual satires. In the religious satires, he talks with enemies of Islam, especially Jews and Christians in his age. He denies their beliefs with rational arguments and historical references. His poetry in this type is explicit, strong and steadfast. His social satires and individual satires are rooted in his personal intentions but follow a reforming goal. His poetry is unpretentious, flowing and interspersed with humor.

The children of war and their actions and different qualities are sings and meaningful material for the poets of resistance, and show a part of the resistance, its structures and internal and external relations. Some of the roles and implications that depict the strong relationship between childhood innocence and the world full of violence are presentedthrough the Mahmood Darwish’s poetry and link possible and wide meanings to this decent concept of human.In this study, by using descriptive and analytical method, the children of war in the poetry of Mahmood Darwish, from the perspective of semiotics, was analyzed and layersof thoughts and sings such astitle, intertextuality, time, place, character, narration, author and othercodes and techniques havebeeninvestigated whichwill leadthe reader todiscoverhiddenmeanings. The resultsshow that Mahmood Darwish’s poetry for childrenismorechildlike than childish, that is, its languageisadult but its matter is for children. We encounter signs of life in his poetry; public and private life of a poet that in terms ofhis view towards children, swing among the beautiful, ugly and annoying signs. In his poetry, in addition to elements within the text, there is anemphasis on real world matters and the events of poet’s life. Among these signs, time, place and character are used more than others. All these sings provide different interpretation of the poetry of Darwish.

Fetneh and its derivatives are challenging words with relatively high usage in holy Quran. Commentators explained different meanings, for instance: blasphemy, polytheism, testing, torment, misdirection and etc. In seventh verses, fetnehmeans different forms of blasphemy, polytheism, and apostasy. This article enjoys the library based methodfor collection and analysis, descriptive method for analysis and resolution, and exploration of commentators’ reasoning for the sake of explaining mentioned forms of meaning, and showing comprehensive theory about them. The result shows that Fetneh in some of seventh verses (verse 191 of Surah-1 [Baqarah] and 91 of Surah-4 [Nisa] means polytheism and apostasy, and in some another verses (verse 193 of Surah-1 [Baqarah] and 39 of Surah Anfal and verse 217 of Surah-1 [Baqarh]) have exclusive meaning of the polytheism. In verse 23 of surah-6 (Ana’am), fetnehis indicative of three probable meanings (answer, sorry, blasphemy and polytheism), and it is used in verse 14 of Sura 33 (Ahzab) for the apostasy.

Literary works, doubtlessly, affect each other, and no text is independent of another. This dialogue and effectiveness leads to the dynamism of literary works. The Syrian writer, Zakaria Tamer, is among the authors who sketch the position of modern human and their lack of identity by his special techniques. In this article, the series AR- Ra’dhas been studied based on the intertextual relations creatively made with literary, historical and especially the Holy Quran using an analytical-descriptive method of research. Generally, Tamer makes use of all possibilities, especially of ancient heritage, to describe the crises the modern human faces. The author has benefited the Holy Quran which is the most precious and comprehensive literary, religious and historical heritage, in a way that the title of the story series and the themes discussed, remind the readers of the Surah “Ar-Ra’d” and the concepts brought up in it.

Following the realist school founded by Emile Zola, literary school of naturalism was founded in 1870. The school is based on human nature and biological inheritance check.Following the advent of the new literary school, Arab writers were also affected. Among them, we can mention Mustafa Lotfi Al-Manfaluti. Amonghis works, the school has made a special impression on the story "Alhavyh" from some aspects; this story is similar to the story of "L' Assommoir" by Zola. The purpose of this study is to exploreAl-Manfaluti’snaturalistic viewsin the short story "Alhavyh", and the novel "L' Assommoir" is an answer to some questions, such as common sense or contradiction. What is the effect? Is "L' Assommoir" the story of falling in all directions. In this research, full story of"L' Assommoir"has been obtained, not just a translation of it. Al-Manfaluti’shas emulated Emile Zola’s themes and topics, such as tone, atmosphere, dialogue, characters and plot quality of projects; some of the themes are different from "L' Assommoir". L' Assommoir is the story of misery and human problems which are the results of genetics and environmental factors, while the story is replete with misery and suffering of human beings. Al-Manfaluti has religious attitudes in the story, something that does not exist in Zola’s naturalistic novels. Emile Zola hadnihilistic philosophical views, but this influence is rarely seen in Al-Manfaluti’s story.

The necessity of an exhaustive research about word making in Arabic language is obvious since the studies and reviews show the perpetuation of Arabic contemporary language. Linguistic scholars and theorists have different opinions about word making process in the sense of applying a new equivalence, producing, creating, and forming new words based on Arabic origins. They also point tothe basis of Arabic word making principles for obtaining a new relation and sense in the original language, or translating foreign and nonnative technical terms fromtarget language. So, the aim of the author of this research is to review, study and determine the complete patterns of word making in contemporary Arabic language which include all the applied and favorable methods of Arabic linguistics and ideas of Arabic language theorists. Also, this research will determine language Equalization, division, and branching in a correct way. Along with the mentioned aims, the present study is organized on the basis of considered patterns of word making styles, analyzing and sampling. The final part of this research shows that the most common word making patterns of the contemporary Arabic language include derivation by seven derivative forms: inflectional derivation, great derivation, greater derivation, major derivation, substitutive derivation, repository derivation and syntactic derivation. The second most common style include tree structures: participle structure, propositional structure, and syntactic structure with a proposition letter group.

Teaching translation is a challenging task for teachers and students of foreign languages, and practitioners of Arabic language and literature do not constitute an exception. To overcome this problem, and prepare the students to join the work forcein the market through their expertise, not just their degree which is necessary in its own termsin providing a road map for courses that will help students in translating. In this paper, we attempted to provide a road map for the teaching of translation in classroom basedon our experiences and studies that we have had in the field of translation. We also tried to discuss what we should avoid, and show objectives of this lesson and post graduate studies in translation. Another goal was to find a way to teach translation in classrooms with a short look at the procedures that are followed by prestigious universities in the world; these objectives and strategies are presented in both short and long term manner. At the end, this article ended insome results, and the most important of these results include the following: the curriculum should be developed to have more practice-oriented and student-centered headlines.

In Iran, health tourism is one of the most profitable kinds of tourism industry, and presents some favorable services to compete with other countries in terms of expense; so it can be a useful and confident economical ground. Although health tourism industry in Iran has a good condition, it suffers because of several reasons such as lack of medical service, weakness of translators and unsuitable tour leaders. Since Arabian tourists have taken most of their trips to Iran for treatment, presentation of services and translators’ attitude have really an important role. The aim of this study is to identify barriers and challenges, and present gaps, evaluation of problems, and some approaches to improve health tourism in Iran. Our research is library and internet based, and mentioned issues and problems are the results of practical experience in the part of local management of health tourism in relation with Arabian countries. Health tourism industry in our country is in need of improving the quality of education, such as different accents of Arabian language and empowerment of Arabian translators.

Availability of job opportunities post and prior to graduation is one of the major concerns of students of Arabic Language and Literature. Creating the course of Arabic journalistic texts translation skills training and establishing the translation workshop in collaboration with academic centers (universities) and centers of future employment (News agencies, radio and television, newspapers and magazines) can familiarize students with the atmosphere of these centers and also strengthen their skills in this field. In this paper, we tried to explain the importance of Arabic journalistic texts translation skills training, and also to present a practical plan for “translation workshop” course along with related class topics. Some of the relevant experiences of “Fars News Agency” were also mentioned to achieve our objective. Implementation of “translation workshop” plan in collaboration with universities and “Fars News Agency”, and holding courses of “translator – journalist” can be a small step in removing the obstacles of employment for students of Arabic Language and Literature.