آرشیو رازی
سال:1388 | دوره:64 | شماره:2 |تعداد مقالات:15

The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella species, their molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance in backyard chickens. A total of 1125 samples were collected from backyard chickens in two consequent samplings. In the first part, samples were included of 820 poor recently hatched chicks, hatching residuals, egg shells in the nest floor, cloacal swabs and fresh litter droppings in the villages which located in north of Iran. Secondly, 305 samples were taken from newly hatched-chicks which fertile eggs were obtained from the rural chickens of those regions and incubated in laboratory incubator. Of 1125 samples tested, 27 (2.4 %) Salmonella were isolated that identified as serovars of Salmonella enteritidis (55.5 %), Salmonella typhimurium (22.2 %), Salmonella hadar (14.8 %) and Salmonella infantis (7.4 %). Except the traditional serotyping that was performed for all isolates, Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis isolates were characterized by using multiplex PCR for further identification. All of six Typhimurium serovars were positive for rfbJ, fljB, invA and fliC genes. In the case of Enteritidis serovars, polymerase chain reaction generated amplification products for spv, sefA and random sequence (specific for the genus Salmonella) in all of fifteen samples. Most of the Salmonella isolates in this study were sensitive to norfloxacin.

According to the reports of WHO, stability of Rev.1 vaccine should take more than one year, while the expiring date for the vaccine produced in Iran is 3 to 4 months, therefore any attempt to elongate the stability of this vaccine can solve many problems of the production including the request of Veterinary Organization of Iran in this regard. The objective of this study was to increase the stability of this vaccine using various preserving materials in lyophilisation process. Nine effective preserving materials in two different volumes and different lyophilisation procedures were examined .We found that the best preserving materials which are added to the base formula for Rev.1 vaccine is consisted of bactocasitone %2.5, sucrose %5, L-glutamic acid sodium salt %1. As a result we formulate the most suitable compound in terms of bacterial mass after lyophilisation. The other factor which had to be improved was the duration of liquid form of the vaccine before lyophilisation process which causes reduction of the organism %50 to %70 per dose of the vaccine. This problem was solved by reduction of liquid phase. The most important practical result of this research was finding the optimum condition for the dose of the Rev.1 vaccine as 1-4×109 CFU and 0.5- 3× 106 CFU for the Reduced dose with 1-2% humidity and the vacuum of 1-2×10-3. In these conditions the vaccine can be kept and used for more than 8 months. Hence the expiring date of the present vaccines under these conditions would be increased up to eight months.

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis is a highly contagious disease caused by the bovine herpes virus-1 (BoHV-1), resulting in significant losses to livestock around the world. BoHV-1 is a major pathogen of cattle, primarily associated with respiratory/genital tract infections and abortion. In the present study, we determined the presence of antibodies in 120 serum samples of cattle with the history of abortion in different period of pregnancy from different industrial dairy herds in Mashhad. Also we tested 30 samples from normal cattle with no history of abortion as negative control. The presence of antibodies against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that seroprevalence of IBR in aborted cattle were 70% (84 samples). From these positive samples, 11 (13.09%), 42 (50.00%) and 31 (36.91%) samples were associated to the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy, respectively. From these seropositive cattle (84 samples), 12 (14.28%) samples were associated with stillbirth and 7 (8.33%) samples were related to mummified fetus. From 84 positive samples, 59 (70.1%) were related to cattle between 2-5 years old and 25 (30.9%) were associated to cattle more than 5 years old. In negative control group, 5 samples showed antibody against IBR antigen.

Morphometrical study of Iranobuthus krali (Kovarik, 1997) is given on the basis of 6 specimens collected from Fars province, Southern Iran The specimens was captured by forceps under UV light during field studies in this province. Iranobuthus is easily distinguished from Compsobuthus Vachon, 1949 by it's size and it differs from genera Androctonus Hemprich & Ehremberg, 1828; Hottentotta and Mesobuthus Vachon,1950 in that the central median and posterior median carinae on the Carapace are joint and formation a continuous linear series of granules at the posterior margin. All the specimens are retained in the RRLS's collection.

One small-scale double emulsion technique for incorporation of Naja- Naja oxiana venom into Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres were developed and optimized. The effects of high speed homogenization on the double emulsion stability, microsphere size, entrapment efficiency and In vitro release of venom were studied. A stable double emulsion was verified by homogenization method. Slow removal of the organic phase allowed measurement of the size of the emulsion droplets and subsequent predication of the size which resulting microspheres. Microspheres in the size range of 1-10 mm were prepared using homogenization technique, but this technique was sensitive to changes in the operating time, speed and volume of outer aqueous phase. Snake venom was released in vitro in a triphasic manner. After immunization of guinea–pig with a single IM injection, the PLGA-venom microspheres elicited an antibody response very high as that elicited with conventional method. These results indicate that the antigenicity of venom was retained after incorporation into PLGA microspheres using homogenization technique.

Mycoplasma contaminants can be considered important not only for their roles as pathogens but also they may indicate that insufficient care has been taken during vaccine manufacture or quality control. The purpose of this study was to test the poliomyelitis vaccines for Mycoplasma by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. During 2008 to 2009, a total of 47 lots of oral poliomyelitis vaccines were produced by Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI) in Iran. They were evaluated by culture and PCR for detection of Mycoplasma. In culture method, PPLO broth and PPLO agar medium were used and in PCR method, universal primers that were selected from the region 16S ribosomal RNA of Mycoplasmas were applied. In culture method, no changes on pH and color in PPLO broth tubes and no colony growth on PPLO agar plates were seen. In PCR method, Mycoplasma DNA was not detected in any of the tested vaccines. It was concluded that the current culture method for Mycoplasmas is reliable to detect viable Mycoplasmas in oral poliomyelitis vaccines, but our results confirmed the use of PCR assay as an efficient supplement to culture method.

Canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV) is one of the most common organisms isolated from dogs with signs of infectious tracheobronchitis (ITB). Distribution is apparently worldwide. Although CPiV may cause mild clinical infections, clinical diseases is expected to be more severe in dogs co-infected with bordetella bronchiseptica than with any these agents alone. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Canine parainfluenza virus infection in urban dogs of Ahvaz area, southwestern Iran. The urban dogs were selected between referred dogs (companion) to Veterinary Hospital of Ahvaz University. Sample of respiratory secretions was collected randomly from 76 affected dogs between June 2008 and May 2009. The studied dogs were divided into two age groups (<6 months and >6 months) and based of environment into two groups (close and open) also. The results were analyzed by using Chi-square analysis and Fischer's exact test. Prevalence to Canine parainfluenza virus antigens was 5.3% (4 of 76) by means of immunochromatography indicating that this antigen is present in the ecosystem. The infection had more prevalence in those dogs that were in open environment (17.65%; 3 of 17) in compared with close environment (1.69%; 1 of 59) and the difference was significant between different groups (P= 0.033). Prevalence was more in dogs less than 6 months (6.82%; 3 of 44) in compared with dogs above 6 months (3.12%; 1 of 32), but the difference was not significant between two groups (P= 0.436). Prevalence of infection was 4.44% (2 of 45) in male dogs and 6.45% (2 of 31) in female dogs. Prevalence was 6.06% (2 of 33) in Mixed breed, 5.55% (1 of 18) in Germanshepherds and 11.11% (1 0f 9) in Doberman pinchers. There was no significant difference between different sexes and breeds also (P>0.05). This study showed that Canine parainfluenza virus can be as a risk factor particularly for those dogs are in contact together in open environment and kennel dogs in Ahvaz area.

The purpose of this paper is to make explicit how companies in pharmaceutical sector can ensure their position in different markets by relying on a sustainable competitive advantages resulted from using a good defined marketing model. Various factors are highlighted including high research and development roles and costs, hard government regulation in frame of GMP standard, market analysis tools and framework and pharmaceutical marketing specific functions. The marketing model outlined in this paper was developed from both secondary and primary sources. To this end, a literature review, along with a number of personal interviews and a focus group session were conducted. These information sources were then completed by a field survey by selecting the research population which involved managers within pharmaceutical companies in Iran. The research strategy undertook was descriptive. The resulted marketing model can be used to interpret complex relationships that are evident in a marketing system .This model can also be used by marketing practitioners to enhance communication between corporate level staff and other lower levels staff and to implement and/or facilitate the strategic marketing concept within a pharmaceutical company. Besides, the model can be used to focus attention on risk reduction /elimination associated with market entry. In fact, the main advantage of this model is to study a market for introducing a new product and/or to enter into new markets for existing products.