RESEARCHES IN MYSTICAL LITERATURE GAWHAR-I GUYA)
Year:2009 | Volume:3 | Issue:3 (SEQUENTIAL 11)|Papers Count:7

The precious Persian literature is the fruit of elaboration, thought and talent of all Persian and sometimes non-Persian poets and writers some of whom maybe even unacquainted still productive. This means that all past poets and writers have played a role in establishing and developing Persian literature. Nonetheless, some were very prominent and some were very weak. It is precious to follow the meanings and thoughts, and to distinguish the sources of any work because it leads to comprehension of the origin of a thought and the role of the effective characters in it. Although there is almost no writer after Sa‘di who is not influenced by him, it is tried, in the present paper, to delineate the origin of four anecdotes and some famous distiches of Sa‘di in such books as Tabari history, Yaghubi history, the poems of Sanâyi, javame‘alhekayat of ‘Ufi and etc. It is possible that Sa‘di has read or heard them and then has imitated them consciously or unconsiously. These four anecdotes are the following: the ugly Negro sent to govern Egypt by Harun al Rashid, reaction of Anowshirvan, the king, the enemy's death. In addition the following themes are studied too: "the offspring of a wolf will become a wolf" , "Hatam e Tâyi and Soltan of Rome" , "one insulted an ill tempered man" , " I swear manhood that the rule of all the world.." and "all the human are the members of the same body".

Recently many investigations have been conducted on tale narration in Mowlana’s Mathnavi. Mowlavi's style in Mathnavi is special and versatile. There is not only a kind of ambiguity but also some sort of stream of consciousness present in the style of Mathnavi’s narrations. One salient characteristic of Mathnavi is its diversity of ideas and topics in the stories which are narrated. In the present study, it is attempted to show the invisible chains which connect together the seemingly scattered ideas of Molavi.. To this end, three factors which somehow play the role of connecting chains in the whole body of Mathnavi are taken into consideration, namely, the association of ideas, the structure of tales, and the nature of thoughts or ideas. Through the investigation of these three factors, it is attempted to show the invisible chains which show the hidden common thread that contribute to the different unity of ideas in Mathnavi.

In the restoration period of Persian literature, poets turned back to copy the styles prevalent in Khorasani and Iragi styles. Restoration lyricist, for instance, began to follow Saadi and Hafiz in rhyme and rhythm. The isostylistic poems thus created are considerable for their inlets of initial line (Matla). This is because the inlet, as in Saadi and Hafiz, would set the tone, rhyme and rhythm of the whole lyric. Looking through the inlet line of Saadi and Hafiz, one comes across melodious words that are auspicious enough to be given a due consideration in this research. There are also certain rhetorical elements like emphasis, statements, and denial. Interrogatives as well as affective sentences are found to be one of the methods employed by restoration poets to highlight the inlet line of their lyrics. Some inlets, however, are organized in a narrative manner in which discourse plays an important part. The present study focuses on the inlets (initial lines) devised by ten restoration poets and compares them with those upon which they are modeled. It seeks to shed light on, among other things, how successfully these poets have imitated their role models.

Deviation is one of the most effective ways of defamiliarization and foregrounding methods in poetry widely used by most poets. In contemporary poetry, Nima - the father of modern poetry- played a great role in establishing the Deviations. His followers have widely used this method, as well. One of the poets who has used Deviation method to foreground his poems, is Mohammadreza Shafiee Kadkani (M. Sereshk). This article shows that Shafiee widely uses Deviation method and by this way, fore-grounds the language of his poetry. Different types of Deviation are used in his poems but his ways to apply this does not always stay the same. Among all, one of the Deviations that could be observed in Shafiee’s poems, is archaism. Archaism has a high frequency and impression in his recent work; that is, “the second millennium of the mountain Ghazzal”. Another Deviation highly used in Shafiee’s poems, is lexical Deviation. Through this, he changes the sentence structure and lexical items which have not been so far prevalent in Persian literature. On the other hand, Shafiee also uses local, common and modern lexicons and thereby adds to his scope of poetry’s lexicons. Another Deviation field in Shafiee’s poems is semantic Deviation. He also uses such devices as simile, paradox, synestheisia, personification and imagery. Different use of mythical and historical anecdotes also help build up the sense of de-familiarization. Other Deviation types have also been used in establishing a fore-grounded style.

In the researches done, up to now, on mythical and epic narrations, namely, Shahnameh, the role of the women is not dug up sufficiently. According to Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh, Faranak is the first woman in the mythical history of Iran who, as a wise mother, has assisted "Farrokh", the king. The researchers have been silent on the position of Faranak in Freidoon’s kingdom and also her commands being carried out by the big shots of her time during the absence of her son. The writer of this article thinks some clues can be found in Shahnameh indicating that Faranak, the king’s mother, has had an influential power in the nomadic society of Iran. The writer, also, has tried to present the hypothesis of the influence of women related to Shah (wife, daughter, mother) in “kavian jadoo” (magician and sacred kings) society and has disclosed the role of Faranak in preparing the ground for Freidoon to gain the power. To do so, Dumezil theory is the basis of the writer’s hypothesis and Shahnameh is the basis of research.

Sharaf-al-din Hassan Shafaei , known as Hakim Shafaei , is the great poet and physician of Safavid era who was respected a lot by the contemporary great people and next generations. Despite having the Hindi-style features, his poem is far from the overdoing of the poets in that period in imagination and language and also some important social and linguistic information is taken by that. However, there has not been a comprehensive and considerable research and correction about his moods and works specially his Mathnavi. This paper tries to offer newer awareness about it using early and original references.

The concept of “form of literary work” highly significant in formalism depends on the two following suggestions.1) Any part of literature, from word to speech, must be studied and known on the basis of its relationship with other parts or constitutes. Thus, recognition of structural or original foundation of the works of art is the most important function of any given literary research. 2) “Simultaneity” study of the works, put forth by Saussure, is the principal method of research.According to these propositions, this paper has tried to analyze prosodic features of poetry with a new view point; that is, according to the knowledge of Morphology and also the theories prevalent in formalism since Morphology of rhythm will aid us in recognizing the outer as well as the inner form of a given poem.Nowadays, one cannot measure the prosody of a poem on the basis of some presupposed criteria. But, since, every thing is established at present, either the present of the poet or the reader, one must establish a set of functions to analyze the meter of the poem in its present shape. This paper has studied the rhythm, the most significant criterion of prosody, according to the semantic theory of inner form. Eventually, some samples were selected and analyzed for this aim.