Ayeneh Ma‘refat
Year:2006 | Volume:- | Issue:8|Papers Count:7

The realm of Sharia as the boundaries of the Islamic legal system and the domain of the secondary practical precepts is a topic which has been addressed by theologians, traditionalists and jurisprudcnts.Two minor and major approaches to determine the domain of Fiqh precepts have created part of the debates and negotiations of theologians concerning the minor and major religion. Although tradition in a general sense has been referred to as sayings, ,acts and assertions of the Infallible for the approval or rejection of Sharia in comparison with certain individual and social domains, the verbal traditjon has been mainly referred to and action and assertive tradition have practically been neglected. The present article tries to examine the reasonability and emergence of acts and prove that the acts of the Infallible are reasons and emerges on the basis of religious precept, and this reasoning is of a rational type, and sometimes reasonability of acts is more powerful than the emergence of the words.In the event the acts of the Infallible should have an emergence in the religious precept, then in view of the fact that he has different acts, including natural and ordinary acts, mundane act, canonical act,... in the life, the Sharia may be considered to extend to various domains of individual and social life, thus defining and determining the boundaries of the legal system of Islam.

The present article is a translation of a text authored by the contemporary American thinker Kenneth Richard Samples who criticizes religious pluralism.Being a scholar in the field of religious studies, Samples has published many books and articles. The author in this article offers a general review of the religious pluralism, criticizes the viewpoints of his fellow countryman, John Hake, in this respect, reveals its epistemological paradoxes and finally attempts to rationally defend the Christian individualism.After the translation and before any discussion about the viewpoint of Kenneth R. Samples on the Christian individualism, useful points for the enlightenment of the issue have been explained and finally a summary of the viewpoint of Islam about pluralism, truthfulness and genuineness of religions and salvation of their followers.

Concepts such as independence (of vote), freedom and equality have been registered as the main elements of modernity under the general topic of civilization in the period between Descartes and Kant. The newness and freshness of these concepts have been considered in comparison to the western culture and civilization however, these concepts date back to about one thousand years ago in the Islamic culture.An example of the free thinkers in the Islamic civilization is Mohammad Ibn Zakaria Razi, and this article tries to seek the elements of modernity, as westerns call them, in the viewpoints of Razi and under the topic of "rationality".

John Rogers Searl in this article addresses four major and controversial issues in the philosophy of mind, however, his critique of artificial intelligence appears to be more important and pivotal. By resorting to biological naturalism Searl tries to solve the problem of dual image of the mind and body. He considers all mental conditions to be a result of the biological processes of nerves in the brain.In his viewpoint, brain creates mind and the mind is the higher level of the brain's characteristic. Mental phenomena are as real as the biological phenomena such as growth, digestion and secretion of the bile and they cannot be reduced to other things like behavior or computer program. There is no interface between the mental and biological levels of the nerves. The computer program is nothing more than a language grammar, whereas mind has a concept and grammar will not make us needless of semantics.

The challenge of science and religion is one of issues that has had a new and novel configuration since a few centuries ago. This paper has studied the history of complementary theory, one of propounded theories for adjusting science and religion. The history of emerging this theory in modern physics and also the reason of innovating it shows that it has grown in another environment and for another problem, and the aim of writing this paper is to prove this claim. At first, new form of antinomy between science and religion appeared in west and in a special space and circumstance, so we will firstly discuss historical review and then the new attitudes toward science because they had a tremendous role in bringing it in to existence.After that by reviewing the history of emerging the complementary theory, we have shown that this theory, separating from its real position in modern physics and for solving existence challenges between Christian theology and propounded hypothesis in modern science, specially has been accepted as one of the best admitted solutions, Finally, using this theory for solving some of unreal and imported antinomies existing between Moslem and modern scientists has been criticized.

The main asset of mysticism is the heart and the main goal of the mystics is the countenance of Allah and perishing in His way. This article presents the viewpoints of The (Twelfth) Infallibles and some mystics about these two principles and then reviews the ideas of opponents and proponents of mysticism in its conclusion.According to the results, we found out that genuine mysticism has arisen from the context of religion, and requires the peak of religious knowledge however, this truth like other truths has been exposed to distortion and deviation which should be distinguished from each other.