BAGH-E NAZAR
Year:2008 | Volume:5 | Issue:9|Papers Count:8

Japan territories have always illustrated the traces of different religions and ethics. Its early religions formed and broadcasted during 6000B. C and 700 could be considered as follows: Ancient ethics, Shinto, Buddhism, Confucius and Taoism. Like its old history, Japan has a rich traditional and ethical Architecture. Based on these tenets and ethics, different concepts and spaces are formed through the time, as now Japan's ethical and traditional design ideas has its standard principles.Linking the present and the past has always been a momentous criterion in the countries with an old rich Architecture. This fact is indeed important in Japan due to the blend of ethics and religions with peoples' life.Through this idea, three Japanese Architects, Kenzo Tange, Fumihiko Maki and Tadao Ando-who are the only Japanese pritzker prize winners-have well, noticed the need for linking the country's traditional and ethical Architecture criteria with the contemporary Architecture. So, analyzing such projects of these architects prepares a good basis to find out the quality of how traditional and ethical design ideas crystallize in the works of contemporary Japanese architects.The research method for this article is a comparative analysis between the architects' particular projects and Japan's ethical and traditional design ideas, formed through the history of architecture in this country.The results show that the contemporary architects have had good bases for presenting the traditional design concepts as standard principles are all formed in the architecture of Japan today. Meanwhile, it seems that Maki and Ando are more likely to have a conceptual look at Japan's traditions while Tange has a more formal viewpoint. Chronological analysis of the architects' projects shows that despite, all the three architects were impressed by the works of Ie Corbusier, they were successful to keep contacts with Japan's traditional design concepts.

Islam always portrays the human status after death. This tendency can be seeing in several Islamic sources like infrastructure texts, theosophy manuscript and so forth. Some of those are the verses about heaven and hell narratives that mentioned at Quran occasionally. Soreh-e Alrahman has a particular place for exquisite descriptions of paradise between other allegorical verses, in which we can find out basic elements of landscape architecture and garden design.At outset, this paper deals with the history of main elements of Islamic garden like tree and water in ancient culture and mythology. Elements as correlate categories that linked with sanctum meanings. Thereupon, we also review the Islamic doctrine of paradise to realize the main concept and design features of it in Quran.The study has been performed through attributive and centralization on Soreh-e Alrahman verses with the aim of introducing the architect's perception of Quranic verses. The study indicates that Muslim architects have always tried to derive the landscape architecture and design criteria for their garden design from the Islamic verses of Quran.

The Ganjali Khan complex in Kerman, which is one 0 the most beautiful models of the architecture, decorations and ornamentations of the Safavian period in Iran, includes a large and spacious square which is famously known as the Ganjali Khan House. Buildings such as an innl, a mosque, baths2, a water supply cellar3 and a coin foundry4 are located in the four corners of the square and the bazaar surrounds the square from every side. Each section of the complex is in turn, a valuable work of architecture and displays various decoration types from the Safavian period. The inn is a two storey building which is unique considering it's delicate paintings and patterns compared to other Safavian structures, as it has an enlivening courtyard with ornaments consisting of a mixture of bricks and tiles. A variety of floral and geometric patterns, paintings of humans and animals and also the effects of eastern and western art alongside traditional Iranian patterns work well with complete elegance and harmony.In the baths and thtt, water supply cellar attractive brickwork and paintings can be seen on plasterwork, which are different from various other designs that are found in other Safavian buildings in Isfahan and other Iranian Cities. The same applies for the drawings on the ceiling of the Chahaarsoogh5 in the bazaar and the portal6 of the baths which display common paintings with naturist and imaginary subjects. The drawings of the Ganjali Khan mosque are also exceptional and will be discussed elsewhere.The Sols Script? inscription with the famous painter and calligrapher of the Safavian period, Reza Abbasi's signature, is one of the characteristics of the decorations and ornaments of the inn that intensifies the beauty of this portal. Most of the tile work in the complex is Moarragh8 that is accompanied by brickwork in a very pleasant way. In addition, multi-colored tiles beautify the decorations of the baths with various floral, geometric ad human figure patterns.

It is necessary for landscape architects to use many different disciplines for developing environment. Based on their aptness, landscape architects can achieve better consequences in the process of landscape designing. Landscape planners should use creative process and consider both artistic and also executive aspects. So according to these facts, this review paper would glance over the history of landscape architecture such as Yan Mcharg Model and represent some relative diagrams and then will give some suggestion by using the aforesaid approaches.

In fact, the basic questions of architecture cannot be explained through any kind of effort in developing scientific designing procedures. In the recent decades many attempts have taken place for the improvement of design process and procedures. No exact and systematic procedure (except a few cases) has been presented yet and most procedures refer to the application methods or a part of designing. Design procedures are usually drawn as a set of separate parts that follow one another in a continuous set. Some of the architects suggest a circular pattern in design procedure, like Jones' circular pattern for architecture designing.This circulation of organized steps is an arranged pattern in the procedure of designing. However, various definitions of landscape architecture signifies how wide this field of study is, therefore, sometimes these definitions do not have any strong scientific basis. In this article, after reviewing the essentials of landscape design and the two approaches of SAD and PAKILDA are analyzed.