BAGH-E NAZAR
Year:2019 | Volume:15 | Issue:67 |Papers Count:7

Problem Statement: The historic cities in Iran have gone through many ups and downs, and development and decline, due to various internal and external factors. The study of these factors can help find the roots of cultural and social upheavals. The Old City of Narmashir in the southeast of Kerman is one of these Iranian historic cities. According to archaeological and historical documents, Narmashir has expanded from the Sā sā nid Empire (AD 224– 651) to the late Timurid period. However, as the archaeological materials suggest, the population of the city significantly decreased from the Safavid dynasty onwards. Also, The Old City was abandoned after the Afghans attack. Our question is “ what environmental and ecological factors influenced the formation, development, and destruction of the Old City of Narmashir? ” Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explain the role of geographic and ecological factors in the formation, development, and destruction of the Old City of Narmashir through the lens of Kenneth Watt’ s ecological theory. Research Methodology: Data were collected through documentary and field methods. The systematic survey in this site was carried out in July 2014 and was registered in the cultural heritage list. The research method in this paper is analytical. First, the historical documents were studied and analyzed by the “ content analysis” method. Afterwards, the data were analyzed drawing on the five variables in Kenneth Watt’ s ecological theory: “ material, energy, diversity, space and time. Result: According to our data analysis, “ Space” had not only the most effect on the formation and development of the Old City of Narmashir, but also on its departure and decline. “ Material, diversity, and energy” had also a major role. However, there is not much awareness and evidence on the role of “ material” and “ diversity” in the abandonment of the city by its residents. Moreover, “ time” did not play any significant role in the development and destruction of the city. Such changes in Narmashir might as well be affected by non-ecological factors. The authors believe that the ecological factors mostly led to the above-mentioned three phases.

Statement of the problem: Looking at interactions of human being with the environment around throughout the history shows that the humans have always adjusted and organized their relationship with their surroundings through abstraction as well as subjective reading of space. Amos Rapoport, one of the most influential figures in EBS, argues that environment is conceptualized as organization of space, time, meaning, and communication. Organization of these four aspects of the environment is the outcome of underlying rules and culture, which reflects differing in responses to environmental quality. According to environmental organization theory of Rapoport which is an introduction to understanding the environment, since the human's mind needs to comprehend the environment and categorize it he is constantly organizing his surroundings. In order to use the natural blessings of territory, due to climatic-geographical conditions of Iran, Tribal colonies formed a proper kind of housing, a movable tent. Despite the ambulant life style of Nomads, they seek the regulation of their environment and assigning meaning to it. Considering nomads special lifestyle, they require flexible housing, thus physical elements can be found in their least quantitative features in the tribes’ habitat. accordingly the problem that will be addressed in this research is occurring organization in nomadic habitation with the minimum level of physical embodiment. Research Methodology: This survey has been conducted through number of interviews and field observation of the Qashqai tribes’ environs. The main method of this research is qualitative based on analytical descriptive. Research Objectives: The goal of this study is to identify mechanisms for spatial organization in the most optimal possible way. In this research, the authors investigated the issue through field observations and a number of interviews conducted on the life of the Qashqai tribes using research methodology. Conclusion: The result of the research shows that minimalizing the body wouldn’ t cause any disorder in arrangement quality of the environment. Rather, the role of the body get less pivotal by substitution of the constructive components of the semantic system and time management.

Introduction: The current study is a both a field and library research to introduce and restore the meaning of Pir-e Shaliar ritual ceremony in the cultural Landscape of Hawraman of Sarvabad in the province of Kurdistan in terms of semiotics. A significant matter in semiotics is the production of meaning and the meaningfulness of the world by the system of signs. Meaning is a concept expressed by a sign. Problem statement: The customs, traditions, and rituals, as Cultural signs/representation of human thoughts offer an interpretation of the world and the human’ s worldview through symbolic means, which are on the verge of oblivion by the dominance of virtual communication in the contemporary world, and their entire exploitation in various aspects of development is impossible. Research objective: The main purpose of this study is to discover and articulate the implications of meaning in Pir-e Shaliar ceremony and the system of meaning derived from its symbolic signs /representations. So by that, steps have been taken to facilitate cultural exchanges and to provide development opportunities in the region. Methodology: The present study is based on a qualitative method in which data is collected through ethnographic and documentary methods, and analyzed through semiotic method. Conclusion: The results reveal that Pir-e Shaliar ceremony is a symbolic sign of the ethnic and collective beliefs of people in the cultural landscape of Hawraman, which presents a new layer of implicit meanings to the audience. Also, this ceremony narrates an implicit scheme of a mystical tradition from the semiotic point of view, that objectifies the deism of Iranian people in a social cohesion in the Cultural Landscape of Hawraman.

Urban planning and neoclassical architecture, design physical spaces based on the concept of classism. Neoclassicism seeks the meaning of locations and links them to their past. As a public space, Tajrish Square plays an important role in the recreation of peoples’ memories. However, it has been invaded by unreasonable constructions which do not conform to traditional ideas. In order to prevent the deformation and the conflict between traditionalism and modernism, we will address the main question of this article: in urban planning, how does the debate on two major competing paradigms, traditionalism and modernism, can be solved using the neoclassicism method? Moreover, how can we preserve the original feature of Tajrish Square among all the public spaces in Tehran? The analytical research and discussion on data of questionnaires, lead the research to the following important conclusion: in spite of all improper images and chaos that has been occurring in Tajrish Square, it could be possible to somehow approach and redefine the lost meaning of Tajrish square with appropriate neoclassical architecture and urban planning.

Statement of the Problem: Currently, there is no concencus on the definition of spatial justice in urbanism. This indicates that the former concept is influenced by the social and political conditions, and the worldviews of various societies. Blind acceptance of any of the West-borne conceptions may result in deviation of Iranian urbanization and, consequently, deviation of urban plans from their main objective as manifestation of the ideals of the school of Islam in urban spaces. Purpose: The main purpose of this research, is: To offer a framework for spatial justice based on ideas of Muslim scholars in the field of urban planning; and to understand how the Atigh local plan in Tabriz city achieve spatial justice Methods: The present study is a developmental one and its methods in the explanatory section imply using a logical reasoning approach while in evaluation sections an analytic-descriptive approach has been adopted. For the purpose of collection of required research data, we have used the methods of documentation and surveying using questionnaires. Findings of the Study: It is argued that the main focus of justice among Muslim thinkers is: “ Rightfulness, Opposing-oppression, Fairness, and Human Dignity” . According to these four key features, spatial justice in urban planning can be characterized in four key criteria: “ the right to the city, social mobilization, spatial balance, and empowerment. ” Findings of this research show that the Atigh local plan has not been successful in achieving the spatial justice. This plan has mitigated the existing inequalities through distributive justice, but has neglected the reformation of power structures and decision-making processes. Additionally, it can lead to increased civil dissatisfaction in practice.

May the street be full of the belles always Because this integrity comes second to her beauty1 Statement of problem: priority of thought over the language or priority of language over thought has always been one of the challenging discussions among the thinkers; but the mutual effect of these two on each other is agreed upon by everyone. In other words, the strong civilizations produce words, and the words make culture. Therefore, having a deep knowledge about the words used in different scientific fields such as urban studies, leads to the increasing the importance of their role in space production. The city, as one of the most important manifestations of human civilization, enjoys some primary elements which street is one of them. In Iran’ s cities, “ street” with its modern day concept, is rather new that despite its ancient history, the new use of which dates back to the contemporary2 era. This research aims to interpret and classify the conceptual-formal evolution of street in the history of Iran’ s cities through analytical study of historical documents, and ontological question of street. Purpose: the main purpose of the research is explaining and categorizing the evolution of street. Research method: the current research is a historical-analytical one that classifies the similarities and distinctions of street application in post-Islam Iran’ s history. Conclusion: street plays a conceptual role in formation of cities in Iran’ s history, but in the contemporary era, with fade-out of its semantic aspect, it has downgraded to only the form.