BAGH-E NAZAR
Year:2008 | Volume:4 | Issue:8|Papers Count:16

Public and private law discussions, regulated based on the relationship between people (citizens) and the government, are introducing the authority and the free will of the each division. These two divisions of law within different political systems have different views regarding the role and the place of people and the government and their relationships within those systems. These relationships have direct affects on city and urban planning system, and thus it is expected to modify their emerging data regarding the interests of various groups involved in the process, and in producing the whole process and implementation of the plan.These relationships within the two contemporary existing political frameworks in our country are treated differently. Different views to these relationships in the past affected the system of urban planning and finally the problem inherited is now ended to today's challenging situations. In this paper the subject of the research is tackled within three viewpoints:The first: argument of relationship, in which the relationship between public and private law and their bilateral relations with urban planning in theoretical domain are discusses.The second: argument of systems, in which the discussed relationships in the contemporary political frameworks (systems) are rethought.The third: argument of challenges, which is the result of the challenging relationships in the contemporary political frameworks (systems) and will be revised in the city and urban planning discipline.

Consideration for nature and its manifestations such as fire, water, plant, sun, moon and starts were popular from ancient times. In Persian mythology, water, plant, moon and sun were the symbols of Mithra and Anahita. Mithra, the symbol of light and blaze of sun, were worshiped along with water. Worshipping of Anahita, goddess of water and fertility, were related to water and plant.Temples of Mithra and moon (Mithra and Anahaita) were usually constructed next to the mountain, fountain and holly trees. The char taghi were the examples of such places that some of them transformed to shrines or fire-temple.

In history, the natural factors always had been important criteria in making shelters, houses, living and working places and other types of places. Human architecture in this historical period gathered to important subject, form and function awarely.Using natural forms in architecture is cause of human absorption to created phenomena and their effects. On the other hand natural forms in both functional and aesthetic fields had been acknowledged in cultures and nations folks, effectively. For example animals and birds in different countries and societies according to their historical cultures had special holiness.Paul Kelley says: relation with nature is the most necessary bet to artists. Artist is human and he himself is nature, part of nature and amongst natural places.Nature has a great effect on architectural creativity strategies. None assort able nature is always present everywhere, like a powerful implement for inspiring its existence is obvious in metaphor, emulate, form mutability and even in materials.

Parks are important and considerable spaces in social life of citizens. This writing searches about the entering of these spaces in the structure of Iranian cities, in direction of difference between Park and Garden as known concept in Iranian culture. With this approach, transition of term "Park" is explored from just a new concept in Gajar age to defined physical space in Pahlavi II. Because of not needing to spaces as park in traditional structure of Iranian cities, this research detects parks as social areas just are considered in 40th decade A.H. Besides, modern architecture is affected contemporary landscape designers of Iran.

Nowadays, with the development of towns and cities without responsive and healthy public urban spaces, adaptation of neighborhood spaces with the needs and desires of residents have been concerned as the solution. Neighborhood open spaces have a unique role in response to the children and adolescents 'needs and desires. Theses spaces are of the main environments of children's daily life and can improve their physical growth (health), social relationships and overall growth and creativity.This research explores the role of neighborhood space characteristics such as children's parks, playgrounds and residential streets in the growth, physical activity and environmental creativity of children. The main results of the study-with an anthropometries and ergonomics approach show that, environmental design principles such as 1) accessibility 2) Scale 3) interest 4) Afford and response 5)comfort and safety and 7) participation have significant role in the overall growth (health) and creativity of children. Final1y, the children's participation in the process of space making such as playing areas has been proposed as a key principle that can improve the physical and mental health (growth), social relationships and environmental creativity of children.

After each disaster such as earthquake, the most attractive events for media to show are the demolished buildings and other physical destructions. So, it seams that reconstruction program should be limited to rebuilding destroyed houses and shops. Other aspects of the people life that may be more affected and destroyed by the earthquake have to be left behind, and less attention has to be gained. But, most research results on the very complicated disaster aftermaths indicate that many other important and complicated circumstances may occur sooner just after disaster, or later on, that may put more complicated and disastrous affects that may influence the whole life of the affected community for a longer time.In this paper, it was attempted to study some social and individual behaviors, such as rising of crime and drug problems in community affected by disaster, in order to discover the real causes and acting factors. "Identity" was taken as the axial factor, in this study in order to examine the complexity of destructions caused by disasters to the affected societies. Death of family members usually affects turn up the family life and affects the whole community, causing social disorders such as crime and drug problems.A field study was held in Barn, Iran affected society two years after the December 2004 earthquake, on social and behavioral problems occurs mainly at camps were temporary constructed to shelter the affected people in Bam. The study main important results show that there are many hidden affecting process that put the real and the most important effects on the whole life of the disaster affected community. The most important disaster circumstances usually rune individual and social identity of the people. Death of parents, usually leave orphans and splash families. Losing property turns rich families to poor, and demolishes their social identity.Theses effects increase when affected people were moved to live in camps fare away from their houses and local communities. In this case, people those till yesterday were land lords, from the disaster on ward became treated as refugees. This put great influence on their whole life and reduces their self confidence. Furthermore, living in refugees camps reduce social control and increase social and individual misbehaviours.

in recent years, urban planners and designers look at public art-the art that exists in public domain - as an opportunity for creating vibrant and meaningful environments in many big and small cities in all over the world. Although public art as an integrated art in urban spaces that happens in streets, urban parks, public buildings, house estates and anywhere people live, work and take their leisure is not a new concept, urban planners and designers and everyone who makes policies for cities should consider it as a powerful item in city that can cause gradation in urban physical, social, behavioral, economic and cultural context. Also we should consider that public art depends on a certain interaction with the public, based on some shared postulates. This article tries to clarify the definitions, limitations and boundaries of public art and its influences on public space.

Bishapur, a town in Fars, in the Sasanian period the administrative center of one of the five districts in the province of Fars that was built by Shapour.This essay tries to introduce and describe Spatial organization of Bishapur based on archeological founds. Main feature of this city has uncovered by A.-A. Sarfaraz in intermittent seasons between 1968 and 1978 he discovered and restored a temple devoted to Anahid and found part of the original northern city wall, where the river imposed an irregular boundary on the otherwise rectangular city plan.Spatial organization of city has four factors: territory, semi-independent wholes, structural elements and center (nucleus). These four factors has been studied in this city after review of concept of city in ancient Iran.