BAGH-E NAZAR
Year:2010 | Volume:6 | Issue:12|Papers Count:9

Urban design has experienced several evolutions in its short life in which transformation from a product-oriented approach to a process-oriented approach is one of them. The present research applies the product and process oriented views of urban design to examine various outputs that can improve the quality of urban environment.In this regard the points of view of five relevant scholars have been reviewed. Introducing a new approach in achieving the various quality of urban environment by applying the product-oriented approach and the processoriented approach is another aim of this research. Throughout the literature review, the urban qualities have been classified in ten categories. These qualities are assigned to two main classes of product-oriented approach and process-oriented approach by applying an intermediate set of tool. The outcome of the research helps designers to have a creative and methodological approach in facing each one of the highlighted qualities.

The Persian garden as one of the best patterns of landscaping with a glorious history is the result of the interaction of the Iranian human with nature. This phenomenon is core of several theories and discussion.Among different factors in the creation of the Persian garden with its specific geometry the ‘Chaharbagh’ pattern is the most famous one. This pattern is well-known as a garden divided with two orthogonal axis including water channels in which the cross-section of the axis shapes the main pound and the kiosk of the garden. This definition of the Persian garden is the most know among the scholars and the researchers.The Chaharbagh Pattern has become so famous that many authors and researchers have accepted it as a fundamental principle and apply that as an archetype without knowing the roots of this concept. Most of the literature about the Persian garden confirms the idea that the concept of the Persian garden without the Chaharbagh pattern is meaningless. This paper aims to challenge this pattern in the Persian garden by having a critical approach towards the literature review and raise the question that whether it is possible to know the chaharbagh as the geometric pattern of the Persian garden or not.The hypothesis of this paper is that the chaharbagh pattern neither can be the reason for the Persian garden being divided into four parts nor for its geometry. In this regard different definitions of chaharbagh in the literature and its historical background will be disscused to support the hypothesis.

Evaluation of influencing factors on durability and eternity of an architectural work and presented definitions of immortal work is essential because today, after two artistic periods of modernism and post modernism and their attempt to establish a modern artistic eternal and genuine heritage, the art life has become less than the past. As we are experiencing the formation of identity-less artistic works with no place among architects and people. This issue causes an art such as architecture to be forgotten as well as the loss of the assets of the country. In fact such architecture would become a consumable stuff with an expired date. The purpose of this research is to comprehend the definition of an eternity of a work and it’s forming factors. The research tries to answer the following questions:How far does eternity originate from physical attributions or culture factors of a work? How much does elite’s taste help eternity and what could be the role of public culture in this approach?In this paper with a qualitative, intuitive, and phenomenological approach the definitions of an eternal work is reviewed from three points of view including eliteorientated, public orientated, and a pervasive approach. Finally architectural works within these points of views are studied. The outcome of the research suggests that neither of elite-orientated definition nor public-orientated one can cause the eternity of work or help to its durability. However, it shows that the requirements of the eternity of a work is to simultaneously consider all human dimensions presented in the architectural field including the human being, artist, community, history, nature, creator, society in relationship with two other dimensions of the nature and God that are close to unity and can create eternal work. The five principles of Iranian traditional architecture presented by Pirnia are the eternity source because they are both seen in the nature and God's deed properties. These qualifications are more intellectual rather than native and as a result Iran traditional architecture forms manifestation of eternal architecture.

Although 'Identity' in its total and popular sense, has the great ancientness and equality with the human being civilization history, the record of this controversy is not so much precedent. Ease and abstainer of the sense of identity in the process of recognition and perception, bring us amulti-dimensional and complicated phenomenon.Since the city is a window for presentation of community thoughts to the outer world and is the bedrock for creation of civic life, relation of identity and urban landscape become an effective category on correlated sciences with this zone and effort to find out the essence of urban landscape for evaluation of immense intervention politics on current cities is obligatory.This article aims to describe identity and urban definitions by applying the recent theory of' Urban Landscape Identity 'and quantize identity as a qualitative object as well as analyzing different dimensions of this concept and finally contribute to its concise literature.Because of the following reasons, the aim of this paper is not to present minute strategies for continuing the identity of urban landscape: First, the urban studies are so vast that it is not possible to present a certain approach for that.Second, prerequisite of detailed approach is presentation of voluminous report, which will be far from the aim of this paper.Third, It's the first time that this subject is introduced in an academic paper and it's seemed that basic and extended analyze is more beneficial than minute technique programming.

The planning system in Iran is a multi-level system in which the relationship between the levels is more important than the number of the levels. According to this relationship, authorities in different levels adjust their interaction; thus the process will be more sufficient if the system be organized and integrated.In a country such as Iran with more than 60 years of experience in systematic development which still is facing fundamental problems, an understanding of the systematic relationship between the components of the planning regime is more highlighted. In this regard the Spatial Planning of the border regions is highly important because of the long borders with the neighbor countries and the fact that more than half of the provinces in Iran are located in the vicinity of the international borders.The aim of this paper is to emphasis on the spatial planning of the border regions, and highlighting its elements and factors and the relationship between the factors and the other parts of the planning system.In this regard different theories will be discussed as well as the experiences of spatial planning in Iran and the other countries. Moreover, the guidelines and strategies in approaching the problems of the border regions and the achieved outcome will be highlighted.The outcome of this research shows the great correlation between developments and security in the border regions. It also highlights the unbalanced condition between the inner regions and the border regions in Iran; the condition which affects the national development. In the other word, neglecting the border regions in terms of development can cause insecurity and degeneration of the other parts of the country; however, so many subjective and objective obstructions have caused this condition to be continued.The spatial planning system of the border regions tries to present a spatial-strategic planning in order to facilitate the national sustainable development.

Child Friendly City projects commonly aimed to make opportunities for children to form their environment or change it. So, these projects are trying to give citizen rights to children, improve their knowledge, help their participation abilities, decrease violence against children, pay attention to environmental subjects and etc. In our country, Iran, the Bam city (after its earthquake in 1382) was one of the examples that Child Friendly City ideas were included in its renovation program. One of the defined projects in this field was to find green space design patterns considering children's desires. In this project, children' s ideas about green spaces were interpreted by using Group Discussion methods and participation procedures, for example narratives, charts and puzzles, modeling, painting and etc, and their opinions have been collected. By studying their ideas, although most of them were related to their experiments, many ideal factors for choosing materials, arrangement of the spaces, name some essential spaces, how to confine the green spaces, bicycle roads, flower spots and etc have been derived. Some of children' s desires, derived from the Group Discussion in a project of Bam Child Friendly city, were incorporated green space and play grounds, separated spaces for children and adults, some spaces for memory writings, statues, use of materials such as wood and include lawn areas.

Urban Design and Landscape Architecture are designated as new arts/sciences that are formed through combination of different artistic & scientific disciplines. The formal Emerge of urban design happened in 1960's while landscape architecture existed in the beginning of 20th century. Success of the fields even after a century can mainly attributed to their focus on environmental quality of public realms in cities. The modernity of two fields and participations regarding the goal and their view to the aspects of public realms, resulted in the ambiguous definitions which made their distinguished difficult. This article reviews background features of the two fields such as definitions and approaches to understand concepts and signify separation and subscription points with suitable suggestions at the end. The Expansion of activity zones, interaction and ambiguous roles of the two disciplines in design of urban environments cause the below questions:Why do the ambiguous roles and duties between two fields form?The Comparative analysis of literature related to the above interaction show that factors such as similarities between two fields, inter approaches and expanded area of them are the most important reasons for ambiguous roles. On the other hand, the content analysis of literature about filling the gap between the two disciplines explain that items such as professional interaction, common educational contents, identify professional roles and new approaches are the most important criteria for this phenomena.