BAGH-E NAZAR
Year:2007 | Volume:3 | Issue:7|Papers Count:14

Twwo important religions were appeared in India during the 6th century B.C. Janinism and Buddhism, were two religions that had profound influence on the culture and the art of India from the 3rd century B.C.up to the 7th century A.D. In fact these two factions were appeared in processes of Hinduism' s evolution which answered the abstruse case of Indian life, emancipation from Karma law and Samsara (the successive cycle of death & birth), and solve that abstruse enigma in different way. Buddhism that had more influence than Jainism on ancient India, led to creation of many wonderful traces on relief and statue. Hinduism or Brahman believed that Buddha was the ninth manifestation of Vishnu, one of the Gods of Hindu Trinity (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva). But Buddha, himself, claimed a new religion and so Buddhist did not introduce themselves as Hindu.Buddha in Buddhist art, on its most mankind form, is again the symbol of Buddha in India art symbols of Buddha classify to three groups:1. Non-icon symbols, such as Darma wheel, nenuphar2. Semi- icon symbols, such as stupa, empty throne, track3. icon symbolswith respect to remnant of reliefs and statues, the main distinction of Buddhist art with other art of ancient India, is that icon of Buddha always have a cover. All of these traces allude to life and training of Buddha.

Meet human social needs and supply needed opportunities in the case of his social experience, needs a space and physical setting. Public space considers huge capacity in order to meet this aspect of human life in civil societies. So, Because of this important aspect in one hand and to meet human social needs in such space on the other hand, this paper analyze important reasons and principles in order to keep and maintain public life and sociability in public spaces.

Kerman's architecture is being changed during the last three decades of 13th and 14th century, contemporaneous with esmaeel khan vakilol molk's governing era, constructing new buildings and restoring historical places such as shah nematollah valli's holly shrine has happened in this era of time. In this era gardens became the most important building construction. So the new art works is proportionate to the allocated art works of these gardens. As much as the architecture of this period is affected by foreign architecture, we can obviously recognize these effects in the art works too. One of the best samples of this effect is the molding art works, can be seen almost in every buildings of this era. Studies around the traces of these art works shows that the effect of foreign traces and even North Africa is obvious in Kerman. There are some traces that are exactly copied. Although it may be not affected by the propagated of foreign culture in this city. also in the studies of the methods of tracing the art works it'll be clear that choosing the trace is not according to the usage of the building and the traces are almost not worthy for studies of symbolic essence of the architectures and they are just playing roles as art works, in the animal traces for example, in the moldings, we can see fish, from the most realistic shape to the most abstract shape of it as the most desired trace of the era, in which we don't have the fish trace as a symbol of this area's culture.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, along with the publication of Ferdinand de Saussure and Charles Sanders Pierse's ideas, the semiotics phenomenon was propounded as a new science in discussions related to language, literature, literary and cultural criticism. Semiotics has always been beside structuralism and has always been dealt with as a branch of structuralism. The actual question is whether semiotics is a science by itself and should be discussed in the realm of science or rather it is just a scientific method? This article tries to investigate the present situation for this phenomenon in humanities, art and literature and deals with its background and changes, as well.

Appearance of city as crystallized custom and social reflection is not the same in different civilizations. Diversity in cities in the history and geography of the world is effected by this difference. The Iranian plateau, as one of the oldest human settlements, has formed various civilization and also many cities.The consideration of changes in Iranian city throughout history shows two different methods in city spatial organization. In order to prove this claim in systematic approach to the city, spatial organization can be a helpful symbol. This article in order to prove the mentioned hypothesis is researching opinions of famous researchers, rational documents, historian writings and rational inference among existing signs.

There are several meanings for the term hermeneutics on the basis of its application.The uses of the word should be precisely clarified their meaning and the amis by using this term. Criticism domain of artwork has had the most damage due to the peculiar application of the word hermeneutics and its different equivalents such as interpretation, analysis of critics and rhetoricians and thinkers in their written works. If the meaning of the words in their applications and the users intention of the words is not clarified there would happen no immediate and clear action would be at hand, moreover the written works readers would be mislead in understanding the have wrong interpretation to that of the authors. Interpretation and understanding a phenomenon is impossible as for as some thinkers take understanding and interpretation as a unique entity. Human mental capabilities are in form that allows making meaning for every phenomenon or seek to discover the meaning. Such capacity is called as interpretive capacity. Texts are unveiled through interpretation.The aim of text interpretation and understanding is to get its meaning, meaning is the fruit of understanding.Dasani is an interpret or that has heaven and innately interprets the phenomenon. In order to interpret a text it is necessary to have a method. The text direct the interpreters in finding the methods of interpretation, in other words texts are direction of interpreters for interpretation. Studying the definitions of hermeneutics and analyzing the interpretation process nature is necessary for any researcher. Because interpretation, cognition and cosmology have innate relation and in addition to this, interpretation in art domain appears in the form of art critics. The question of what is hermeneutics and studying the general problems related to interpretation is the gist of this article.

This article aims to study the communication ways of ancient people and how they expressed themselves. Then communication cultures, information transfer, information save tools and the way to access them are discussed.