MAQALAT WA BARRASIHA
Year:2005 | Volume:38 | Issue:77 (1)|Papers Count:8

Persian language developed dynamically from third century A.H., and became official. But it confronted with political, social and religious obstacles in its process of development.The great difficulties for this language were made by scholars -especially Persian scholars - who loved Arabic language. They wanted to universalize Arabic language. When they saw the development of Persian language, they worried. Their disagreement with Persian language appeared in different backgrounds. One of them was that they said that Persian language is the language of the people of the Hell. On the contrary, there were some who held that it is the language of the people of the Paradise.

The belief in Mahdi and His appearance is considered as a major part of the system of Islamic religion within the assumed Islamic principles and one of the serious problems with an ancient history we can acknowledge that all in agreement with it. Islamic scientists as well as many traditions that their widely - transmission are accepted by most of thinkers refers to this subject, but meanwhile few of them perhaps that can be counted with fingers have questioned and denied it. Two of them are Mohammad Rashid Reza and Ahmad Amin Mesri. Putting forward their words and reasons this writing gives some evaluation and criticisms in the case.

The phenomenon of exaggeration and exaggerators as a serious and destructive danger has threatened to obliterate or distort the body and substance of divinity. Therefore those studying on authorities have always known the narrators of Imams (PBUH) companions and revealed the faith superstition and especially the technique of exaggerators and those of which accused of exaggeration.This writing tries to explain the view of Ahmad ibn Ali Najashi (450) the famous Shiite Rijal scientist of exaggeration and those of which accused of exaggeration in the Rijal science of Najashi. Recognizing the criteria and the measure of his effectiveness resulted from the great men in weakening or strengthening them we have studied and evaluated.

The issue of Immortality of human being has been one of the important and fundamental issues in the philosophy of religion. This issue with philosophical, discoursal, Mystic and Qoranic approaches has been taken into consideration by Moslem scholars. In this article, at first, findings of Moslem scholars related to the issue have been reported through five aspects. To this end, it has been tried to mention the original theory with background and believers of it. After that, this discussion has been investigated from the view of Qoran by searching about the usage of words "soul and spirit". In the verses of Qoran, in this study, it has been distinct that whatever is used about the immortality of human being from Qoran, founds a three sided claim scheme this will be the most important finding of study.

By rising the urbanization, human approach to time - acquainting was increased, because he needed to study about the origin of phenomena and their inveteracy, and assess two events with each other and relations of past with future. Making the early chronometer sets and advanced tools of sight and astrolabe and then creating chronology demonstrates the same needs. Although all nations considers 12 month in a year in their calendar, to some of them counting years was solar and to the other was lunar. The less number of the lunar year from solar year leads to dissimilation in the circulation of the both and made the estimates messy and difficult. To end these disorders Babelians made leap year to unify the number of both lunar and solar year and to accompany the circulation of the both .This way was accepted by the other nations including Arabs. To make identical their lunar year with solar year of the neighboring countries they added one month (without any name) to the end of each year, after three years and this made it 13 months. Since to begin the New year would be delayed by this modification, they named it Nasi (means to postpone) i.e. postponing to displace the lunar months because every month in 3 years from 36 years would not settle in its place. Since a number of religious awards such as Haj, Feast, holly war were integrated with certain months, this replacement caused to frustrate them .Therefore the prophet (PBUH) in the tenth year prohibited the use of Nasi for ever. This writing tries to attain the real meaning of the Nasi. First we deal with the origin of chronology and their characteristics in some countries in the world to be aware of its background. Then we study its place among Arabs and its unfair outcomes.

Quranic verses when being interpreted precisely and accurately is put in its historic occasion and studied. But if this neglected, it is interpreted in a different and contradictory manner. One of the verses that have been interpreted incorrectly, as a result of neglecting historic occasion of its revelation is the verse of mass. In this article we give an appropriate and true interpretation by explaining the historic occasion of its descent. The meaning of (la yamassuhu illal mutahharun 79 Vaqia) is that before revelation to Mohammad (PBUH), nobody accesses the Quran except angels. In this verse the claim of Mecca polytheists on Ouran descent to him by Devils and Jinns is denied.

This paper is an attempt to deal with Ivan Bunin's biography and literary personality. Furthermore, it tries to point out that certain historical events have had impact on his literary creation. Concerning the Russian Revolution of October 1917 Ivan Bunin's personal and literary life can be divided into two periods: Pre- October 1917 and Post-October 1917 which is the period of immigration. It is worth mentioning that during 1894-1895, when he got acquainted with Leon Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Couperin, Kalinka and Gorki are considered the years of changes in Bunin's literary life.The motifs of most of his works in the first period are the events occurring outside the Russia. But at the time of immigration, almost, the subjects of all his works are Russia and the events resulting form the Russian October Revolution.Bunin, the poet, prose writer and translator was eagerly interested in taking trips. His presence in the Islamic countries, his familiarity with Qu-ran, Islamic culture and history made a great impression on him such that he created many poems under the impression of those trips. Those works are a rich and everlasting outcome for the Russian and the World literature. Under the impression of Qu-ranic verses and the eastern concepts, he has made poems. The motifs of those poems indicate his specific respect towards Islam, the holy prophet and Islamic nation. In those poems, Bunin calls the Islamic nation to struggle against self and strange enemies. Maintaining their human perfections, he requests them not to surrender to the foreigners who do not have a superior position.

University of Tehran had the honor to publish a translation of Nahdjolbalagheh that Shah Abbas had dedicated its manuscript to Asetan - e - Qods Razavi. But the viewpoint of its editor in relating it to fifth or sixth century is not right. The evidences do not confirm it. In my opinion, this translation has been done in 943 A.H.