ISLAMIC REVOLUTION STUDIES
Year:2018 | Volume:15 | Issue:52 |Papers Count:13

USA during the years of nuclear conflict, forced all Iran`s trade participants to decrease their trade part. Yet, during the same years, china, on the contrary, multiplied its trade part with Iran and satisfied Iran`s need and decreased sanctions` press on it. The paper, using process tracing technique, intended to study the question: why did Obama fail in forcing China to follow the sanctions against IRI? What may be regarded as his limitations in the field? As shown in the study, many decades of extraordinary economic development have put china in such a position that American tools of power such as press, threat, sanction and diplomacy may not be effective on China.

Perceiving and introducing the problems of Islamic system`s civilization-making has been regarded as the main concern of the paper. The subject necessitating the study of the causes and elements for Iran`s progress, assessing current processes and recognizing opportunities for and threats against Islamic system in the field of civilization. The question of the paper, therefore, may be as follows: what may be known as the problems of IRI and of its governmental system in the field of civilization-making? By this descriptive and analytic study an attempt has been made to determine the extensions of the cultural, theoretical and structural components resulted from measuring the interrelation between culture and civilization and to be explained with regard to opportunities and threats. As understood, the essential difference of IR, as being founded on Islamic rich culture, with other revolutions lies in such a spirituality and justice that their damage is regarded as one of those considerable damages in the process of civilization-making. Such being the case, it is necessary for IRI to form a progressive movement in cultural, theoretical and structural components. In this way, seeking civilizational identity, paying attention to university, theorizing and an attempt for establishing all grounds and conditions of democracy would be as the most necessities.

IRI, as one of the most important worldly happenings at the last years of the twentieth century, has been followed by great and vast changes in Iran`s social and political fields. And so has been in the field of historiography. Historiography is a notable and complicated subject rising from historian`s active and mental interaction with historical events. In each era, it is based upon its contemporary thoughts and discourses on which different eras of historiography appeared. On this basis, one never views the historiography of IRI as a continuance of Pahlavi`s one. What notable in historiography lies in knowledge of the way in which the historical event happens and historian`s thought of it. It is, therefore, necessary for Historians to note the grounds and desirable conditions in historiography of IRI and in studying historical events to prepare the grounds for a complete and documented historiography. In the paper, it has been tried to study the line in which the historiography of IRI occurred and criticize it.

Present paper has studied Ayatollah Khamenei`s view on political comment of Quranic concepts during IRI. The purpose lies in awareness with Ayatollah Khamenei`s approach of political comment of Quranic concepts and its effects in IRI. The method of study is descriptive-analytic. When analyzing political comment of the holy Quran, in addition to the holy text of the Quran, political, social and mental have been effective in appearance of political comment of Quranic concepts and their application in IRI. In this approach, religion has been known to be answering all human needs in individual, social and political fields. Before revolution, Ayatollah Khamenei has used such Quranic teachings as tawhid, nobowwat and imamat to support revolutionary movement against present condition (inner despotism and foreign prominence). Quranic political comment after revolution has been focused on the structure of political system, fighting against prominence system and Muslims unity.

In the year 1990, after the falling of the Soviet: union: , liberal order, with a pivotal part of USA, was dominated international relations. The order, however, has a faulty structure and leads to human detriment. In Ayatollah Khamenei`s thought there may be found a complete set of instructions for changing the present order to a desirable one. Such being the case, the question of the paper is presented as: on the basis of Ayatollah Khamenei`s view, what may be counted as the principles and the particularities of a desirable global order? With the use of grounded theory, it has been made clear that for Ayatollah Khamenei, present global order is of a cruel and tyrannical essence leading to humanistic irreparable damages. While, a humanistic global order should be in full harmony with the Divine order in the world as human God given nature demands. An order aiming at human education and purification from one hand and from other hand, preparing human happiness.

The most important challenge of the contemporary Islamic world is of cultural and mental nature caused by attack of western civilization teachings and, then, by an identity crisis. In such conditions, IRI caused a new cultural identity, an Islamic-humanistic one, based on Islamic principles and became a historical and Islamic turning-point; in this way, Divine and humanistic teachings of Islam revived. Present study has intended to prove and analyze identity links of IR to contemporary changes of Islamic world. Identity-seeking as one element of IR in the shadow of caused cultural capability and richness of content led to an Islamic identity in Islamic world. The paper, therefore, with the link of culture and identity analyzes deeds and changes in Islamic societies on the basis of cultural identity produced by IRI. Finally, measuring happened opportunities and threats, it has drawn the future view.

With regard to the difference between the concept of appropriate progress with epistemological and philosophical principles, Iranian various mental lines of thought have sought to formulate the problem. On this basis, the paper, relying on Foucaultian, Hegelian and, finally, native views, has studied the formalization of the concept of progress in Hegelian, postmodern and Islamic-Iranian approaches and has tried to answer the question: what relation may be found between Hegelian and postmodern view and Islamic-Iranian model of progress? Hegelian views in Iran have considered the category of progress as a line and the only fixed model as getting experience from the West. While, postmodern views have considered it not being as a line. As viewed in the paper, Islamic-Iranian model of progress, in spite of an attempt made by some to connect it to the postmodern one, is not of such a connection and presents another approach with different ontology, anthropology and epistemology.

A main part of present literature of state parties carries performance, efficiency and, finally, end of the parties (Mardom and Melliun), while, the main problem of the paper lies in the intention and purpose of those who established them. The question of the paper, therefore, is proposed as: why do authoritarian states establish parties? As findings of the paper show, such parties function as a means to increase the life of despotic states and lengthen their time of government and help their presence in government. On this basis, Mohammadreza Pahlavi, relying on two common particular functions of the parties, that is control and the state of being satisfying and, in more detail, in the shadow of a reconsideration of role of the king, balance of political rivalries, staff-educating and, finally, harmonizing political parties and groups, he prpare the ground for his longer presence in government.

The question of the paper focused on Shahid Hasan Baqeri`s character and activities during Islamic revolution and holy defense. The question was studied analytically and on the basis of available documents and evidences. As understood by the paper, Shahid Baqeri was qualified with notable properties with regard to revolution and character. Characteristically viewed, ikhlas, the first time prayer, bravery, jihadist character, simple manner of life may be regarded as his bold properties. Regarding his activities during Islamic revolution, one may refer to his activities at University, his revolutionary part during his soldiering in Pahlavi regime and escaping from garrison, membership in Jomhuri newspaper and Sepah-e Pasdaran. And again, in holy defense, he acted successfully as commander in military opperations of breaking Susangerd siege, Imam Mahdi (aj), Thamen-ul-A`emmah, Tariq-ul-Qods, Tangeh Chazzabeh, Fath-ol-Mobin, Bayt-ul-Muqaddas, Ramazan, Moslem ibn Aqil and Moharram.