JOURNAL OF LAW AND POLITICS
Year:2016 | Volume:12 | Issue:29|Papers Count:6

Municipalities as a public law entity, and non-governmental organization, may cause damages against citizen which its laws and rules of civil liability are common with other natural or legal persons, but what constitutes the subject of the present paper, is considering of the law and rules which help citizen to face municipalities and its personals. Although in the eleventh article of civil liability law, there are some alternative and condition which point municipalities stuff rights, and liabilities, and their limitation of their liabilities. But the main concern is to specify the amount of damages for intentional fault or negligence has been in operation. For example, in areas such as implementation of laws and regulations may, risks of ownership of roads, buildings and also to legal ownership of land and buildings or failures of municipality employees in the public service like vehicle drivers, causing the responsibility to municipalities, Therefore, this study investigated the responsibility of the citizenry in general to determine the status of a civil liability of municipalities to citizens.

The nature of a sign may be such that in accordance with legal regulations cannot be registered as a trademark. Each of Iran and Australia in the regulation regarding their trademarks, articles or parts of to mark that on the basis of its essence (and not conflict with the rights of others) do not have the ability to record, That despite being supportive of each country to register a trademark, the refusal of registration of the mark due to the nature of the bases are almost the same, And in both countries sign the powerless distinctions to distinguish its goods or services or because they lack the ability to display graphics symbols or contrary to morality and law does not have the ability to registration. In addition, if the trademark provides context to mislead the consumer does not have the ability to register as a trademark.

Humans, in their lives, may face intractable diseases which finally lead them to death. Thus, it is needless to explain that during such diseases they have to stand torment, agony and suffering, and this is why a concept of “Euthanasia” or mercy killing has been emerged and suggested since a long time ago. Euthanasia is mostly defined as a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a person’s life done by his family members, acquaintances or doctors to relieve intractable suffering. Having this into mind, the question arises that is this concept accepted in different societies? This is the very question which can demonstrate the contrasts between various social cultures in this regard. Islam and other Divine Religions do not recognize euthanasia and assumes it is as murder. As a result, Islamic jurists believe that the prohibition of murder does not disappear with the consent of the murdered person. However, euthanasia has been legally recognized and regulated in some countries like Switzerland and Belgium, and as one of the reasons of commutation of punishment in others. Euthanasia, even when the consent of the patient is attached to the conduct, is regarded as a crime under Iranian law. This paper seeks to present a comparative study of euthanasia and its process of legal recognition in other countries, and also examine this issue according to Iranian law and opinions suggested by various Islamic faiths.

Financial corruption is known as the most important threat to the national interests. It includes any factor or phenomena which blocks the normal and legal trading course whether in or out of the country. One of the key financial corruptions, which has detrimental effects on the economic health of a society and brings about irrecoverable problems, is money laundering. Money laundering phenomena draws numerous consequences and aftereffects for the financial resources of a country, especially for the financial institutions and banking system; therefore most of the countries have passed various rules to resist and oppose it, since any negligence, carelessness and neglect in facing money laundering crimes, in addition to the expansion of profitable criminal or illegal activities for delinquents, it eases the way for criminal organizations to financially support their illegal activities and thereby increase the risk of corruption in financial and economic institutions of a country. Thus, the first effectual step in strengthening and improving a legal system in order to oppose money laundering crimes is to identify current challenges and deficiencies, since without knowledge of drawbacks and shortcomings, the new solutions will not be justifiable and effective for sure; by noting the fact that the ruling system for opposing money laundering phenomena in Iran is no exception of this rule, the present research, while studying the actions taken by the government of Islamic Republic of Iran, introduces new ways out of the challenges and deficiencies in fighting against money laundering.

The scope of law enforcement, crime prevention and protection of the collection and care of state property, people, gifts and restore order and security to provide relief to wounded, injured and equitable assistance to the victims by the police and ... during refers crisis. This article aims to examine the effects of situational prevention measures of crime in the city of Kermanshah's natural disasters. The research method in this study is a survey method using a questionnaire and 0.79 reliability according to Cronbach's alpha test has been considered and applied research component. The study population disciplinary experts in Kermanshah in 1394, which has been investigated through census sampling. According to the findings of this study measures the risk of crime, increased trouble committing the crime, reducing the benefits of crime, remove the pretext of crime, reduction of crime in order to stimulate natural disasters are effective in crime prevention.

Commercial documents represent a commitment to pay a certain sum to the owner of a commercial document. The commitments reflected in certain commercial documentations like, check, promissory note and draft has been interpreted as commercial paper obligations. The main objective of tradespeople in using commercial paper obligations is money substitution, speed, security, and accuracy in the assignment of responsibility or attaching the guarantees as a guarantor in terms of liability partnership. Differences of opinion on issues such as legitimacy or illegitimacy to claim damages for delay in commercial paper obligations performance and the possibility of execution before the due date in the commercial document, ways to differentiate the performance of the commercial paper obligations that the legal system distinguishes from the general rules of fulfilling the commitment in civil law are entirely examined in this paper.