PEYKE NOOR JOURNAL
Year:2007 | Volume:5 | Issue:2 (GEOGRAPHY)|Papers Count:14

Using the water of irrigation in agriculture has its roots in ancient times and it starts with the efforts of ancient civilizations such as: Egypt, Babylon and China, from about 5000 B.C. During the time, methods, technologies and different tools have been invented and applied to make irrigation easier, bucket, spool, ponds and pools for saving water and a network of streams in the Middle-East are some of the examples.Although dry farming is developed in a vast part of Iran, irrigation is necessary as a continuous agricultural effort because of the climatic and natural environment situations. Hence, from the ancient times for different technologies of searching water, followed by different methods of irrigation have been invented for using surface and underground water from the ancient times. Therefore, housing and life in different regions of Iran have been formed and started.

The question of how can we evaluate the sustainability of urban development is a fundamental question that can be answered by studying the frameworks and indicators that are related to the research. In the 21st century sustainability in local planning and policy making is the goal of policy makers. After establishing sustainability as the target, it must be defined that whether the activities are towards a sustainable society. To do so, there should be a defined methodology to evaluate the sustainability of urban development. Evaluation of urban development needs a series of information about environmental, economical and social conditions and policies in local societies that indicates the amount of development in a sustainable society.This article starts with giving the definition of urban sustainability and sustainable development of the city.Then by explaining the levels of preparation of the indicators in society, different types of indexes of evaluation of sustainability in urban development will be defined in details. In the end the article introduces the frameworks of evaluation that are used in the projects of evaluation of sustainability of the urban areas and some internal and international efforts in this way are introduced briefly.

A city is a system that includes different subsystems. Components, elements and internal relationship of each of these systems define the system of the urban space. If the system of a city is balance or imbalance it shows itself in normal or abnormal behavior. Hence, from systematic point of view, urban behavior is the manifestation of the systemaization of the urban space.Nowadays, one of the most prominent abnormal behaviors in the cities of Iran has shown itself in the traffic behavior of the people.Strategies and policies that have been presented for the improvement of such behaviors, haven’t been holistic and have considered the effects. In other words, they have searched the backgrounds and solutions of abnormal behaviors in the subsystems of the urban traffic. This article, with a systematic view and with the emphasis on the necessity of having a holistic view to the behavior in cities, deals with identification of the elements of cities ’traffic behavior, in other words immunology looks at traffic behavior from the view of space systematization. The findings emphasize that space systematization of the cities and leading it towards a spatial system could have sustainable effects on the improvement of traffic behavior and will lead it to a normal, law-based behavior.

The first negotiations between Iran and Kuwait to delimit the sea boundaries were held in October 1963. During 1960s many talks were held but no result was obtained.After two decades, bilateral talks have begun since December 2000 and these talks are still continuing. Since the beginning of talks defining the base line and the role of the islands have been important issues that effected boundary delimiting. Nowadays, Kuwait’s claims on the Iranian Arash Energy field is one of the disputes in the new round of negotiations. On the one hand Kuwait and Saudi Arabia have agreed on delimiting sea boundaries in the devided zone (formerly neutral zone), but the boundary clearly passes through the middle of the Persian Gulf and has challenged Iran’s territorial sovereignty in North of Persian Gulf. Therefore, the foreign ministry of the Islamic Republic of Iran has presented its protest to the embassies of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia in Tehran. In this article the effective factors on defining the sea boundries will be discussed in details by referring to the previous talks.

Radical geography has been inspired by the views of some sociologists such as Marx, Engels and Hegel and is against Capitalism, Liberalism, Darwinism, Lamarkism and seeks mutual relationship of the society and environment and claims that the revolution in capitalist societies is for eliminating the injustice and inequalities. In this article the role of radical human in geographical studies is being criticized while studying above mentioned cases.

Development and improvement of research in agricultural section needs new method and solution especially in applied fields to make research activities effective and transferring the results of the research correctly, quickly and on time to the beneficial and producer society. The goal of this article is studying the efficiency of the plans of the farming system research in animal-husbandary of the inhabitants of the villages of Golpaygan County.The research is descriptive and the necessary information has been collected by the use of questionnaire and interview. Statistical population of this research is the rural inhabitant families that the farming system research has been done in their animal husbandry. By using Cochran formula the appropriate number of samples have been chosen (75 families) and the primary test and the validity of the questionnaire were carrying out by filling in 15 questionnairs by animal- husbandmen.Data analysis was done by using correlation statistics method of Pearson in SPSS environment. The results showed that doing farming system research in the animal-husbandary of the villagers in the villages of this region had many different positive effects in transiton of the modern technology to animal-husbandmen and providing some scientific, hygienic and consulting needs of them. Also the findings of the research have carried to the other villagers more quickly and in a better shape.In addition, having a goal and considering the demands and making the researchers to become familiar with the problems of the producers (as future projects) are the results of this article.

Among the theories of Sustainable rural development, there is one that can be called a national and international movement, by considering the common elements of the sustainable rural development. A movement that can be distinguished with the emphasis on the natural environment, social, economical factors and the issues of water and irrigation.The aim of this study is understanding the features, principles and goals of sustainable rural development in central Iran. The point of view of rural activists in the rural area of Akhtarabad-Hakimabad has been investigated. This article indicates that among the natural and social environment and the problems of water and irrigation, a movement is forming that wishes to improve the rural life and reach the Sustainable rural development.The findings of this article indicate that the first problem is unawareness of the needs of villagers’ needs and excluding them especially women in rural development and improving irrigation system has been placed in the first place prior to all problems.

The reflection of each religion could be observed clearly in the physical, economic, social and cultural structures of the geographical places under the realm of that religion. One of the religions that considers high values for human being and calls him the successor of God on the Earth is Islam. Thoughts and deep teachings of Islam have been manifested in Quran as “the Contract of the Islamic Nation”. God in different verses in Quran always notifies the human towards natural phenomena and concludes that the unity of nature is the direct result of the unity of the universe.The main goal of Islam in the first place is deep recognition of human of himself and then bringing human beings near God and each other more. Thus Quran is a smart and cautious guide for the people who believe in this heavenly torch.City is one of the geographical places that since long has been the reflection of the ideology of the governments.Hence, the Islamic sustainable city must be the reflection of the exalted thoughts of Islam in all aspects. In other words features such as humanitarianism, saving natural and cultural heritage, identity, physical, economic, social, cultural, artistic, scientific, educational, hygienic and environmental orientations must be observable everywhere in the Islamic sustainable city. In fact, freedom, justice and law must be widespread and observable there, but unfortunately observing the hideous face of poverty, pollution, homelessness, addiction, unemployment, hopelessness, bullying, chaos, escaping from law, insecurity, severe class distinctions and many more problems in Islamic cities are questionable, whereas Islam is the most complete religion in the world and Quran is the most complete pattern for sustainable development in all generations and places.In this article features and specifications of an Islamic sustainable city have been studied and it is a kind of analytical and descriptive article that has been written with an idealistic view which can be found in Islamic teachings. It is hoped that by doing the comprehensive teachings and instructions of Islam we observe Sustainable Islamic cities in all Islamic countries. The cities that Islamic nation is proud of them and are interpreted in Holy Quran in the surah of “Baghareh”, verse 143 as follows: “Thus have we made of you an Ummat justly balanced that you might be witnesses over the nations and other nations of the world will learn from you”.

One of the important methods in designing and making models for physical geography teaching is using computer software. Surfer software with two or three dimensional modeling capability, can be used in geography teaching. The ability of designing and modeling of isomaps is considerable. This feature is used in drawing three-dimensional topographical, iso-anomalous, isogrive, isobar, isotherm, isohyet, isobath and isotrend maps etc. Then cartographical designing by computer can be mentioned. Making the samples and models in modeling is very important. Nowadays we can go beyond the classical models of teaching by using different computer software and increase the motivation of learning among the students.

This essay is a study of the concept of sustainable development with the emphasis on the urban development and its perspective. Sustainable development means moving on the axis of human-environment. This type of development is followed by having equal share of socio-economical developments, keeping and improving the environment and sustaining and comprehensibility of development. On the whole, sustainable development is making balance between long-term socio-economic development and environment. Sustainable development in the urban environment that consists majority of the population and usually the level of consumption and pollution is higher than other ecological environments, gets higher importance. Therefore this study by putting the emphasis on these factors, is searching for the ways of achieving the goals of sustainable development.

Climate is the average of relative long -term atmospheric conditions. It is one of the important elements that makes our environment. Climate can be effected by different activities of human and can have various effects on them. Providing healthy and sufficient drinking water, food, energy, industrial activities, clean and safe weather, transportation, communication, sports and tourism are the needs of the modern human that need optimum planning and management and to do so, climatic conditions should be considered.Climatic variability and changes are two main characteristics region’s climate that unexpected climatic effects occur in their framework. Climatic variability is one of the features that has been effected by different factors of earth and beyond earth with regular cycles in time and place. Climatic variabilities that have drawn the attention of bio-envionmental scientists and politicians in recent centuries, have been in direct relation with human activities. Risk and crisis management are two important solutions of understanding and fighting with the effects of changeableness and changes of the climate. Decreasing the effects of climatic changes need international cooperation such as Kyoto Contract. Iran is one of the countries that has been located on arid belt of Earth. Arid and drought are two deniable facts of the climatic conditions of our country that make planning and programming for the future of Iran without considering them, a failure. In this article, the role of climate in environment planning and management is studied by giving some examples and considering the point of views of risk and crisis management.

Precipitation is the most important factor of the climate of Iran and it controls the situation of life. The study of precipitation considering its dispersion and its annual and seasonal amount is necessary to determine the life conditions and potential recognition of local preciptation. In this study, the precipitation of Ghotor River Basin with 4159 square kilometers area has been considered from the annual and seasonal precipitation view. Statistical analysis in a period of 20 years from 1979 to 1999 have been considered in this area.The average precipitation of this area according to the statistics of 20 years is 349 milimeters and it indicates that Summer is a dry season with minimum precipitation and Autumn, Winter and Spring are in a reasonable range. The maximum precipitation has been in Spring.

The relationship between geography and history has always been one of most important discussions between historians and geographers. The given hypothesis in this article is: at the beginning there was no history but geography, then human learned how to cope and fight with nature to control it. The geographers claim that the science of geography can clearly study the environment of human activity and all the factors effecting it.On the other hand, geographers in their studies cannot consider all natural factors without considering their historical changes. Therefore, geography and history have a close and inevitable relationship and the writer tried to study this relationship.