JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES
Year:2007 | Volume:17 | Issue:66 (SPECIAL ISSUE ON HISTORY)|Papers Count:9

In general, the events and transformations of the South Western Arabian Peninsula in 6th century A.D., written by Muslim scholars, are mostly explained in terms religious motivations and rivalry between the Christians and the Jews. Also, because of lack of understanding the Sasanid's strategic goals in the region, the first Khosro's motivations to attack Yemen have been covered in storytelling morality and brevity.This article presents a critical study on these works. It will give an analytical review of the Sasanid's strategic goals of the Sasanid system in the Southern Arabia, and the first Khosro's attack to Yemen in this strategy.The author will first review the transformation of Yemen from the end of the Hamirid period and the dominance of the Abyssinians. The cooperation of Yemenis Christians with the Eastern Roman Empire and the Abyssinians pictures the region's transformation a religious one in which the Christians face Jews. This paper will investigate the topic in the framework of the strategic policies and the goals of the Eastern Roman and the Sasanids Empires. It will then expound the first Khosrow's military attacks to the south western Arabia in the Sasanid's strategic goals in order to monopolizing surveillance of the world. business routes, through a critical look to the Sasanids historiography and the Islamic historiographers.

Emergence of the Safavids in Iran with support of the Qezelbash, accelerated the trend of Shi'i activities in Anatolia and gave rise to a new stage.Their political and social empowerment led to the radicalization of their thinking and behavior and to the intensification their conflicts with the Sunni Ottomans. They looked at the Safavids as a practical model of their views, and in order to realize it they undertook a series of political and social uprisings such as the revolt of Shah Qoli, Jalali upheaval, etc.This article will analyze the trends of the formation of these uprisings from the establishment of the Safavids in Iran until formation of the Turkish Republic.The paper argues that these uprisings in the beginning, took their model from the Safavids but social and economic situation of Anatolia and the politics of the Ottoman Sultans spread further.

The early period of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran, was, politically, socially and economically, the most disrupted period in the contemporary history of Iran. In only three years, during the First World War, twelve cabinets came to power in Iran. Riot, chaos, murder, terror, robbery and vandalism along with weaknesses of the central government and the division of the country into three parts under the influence of Britain, Russia and Germany eroded public safety and security. The local influential, big landowners and the old governors who considered some parts of the country as their own heritage added to disorder and disturbances of the early period of the Constitutional Revolution. This condition along with poverty, misery and peasant families' ignorance led to continuing of selling of the Ghochani girls to Turkamans. In fact, continuation of women smuggling was despite of the protest of the first parliament and the Constitutionalists, and trial of the smugglers in the court.Based on historical records and some specific cases, this paper, reviewing the effective factors on the phenomenon of women smuggling, will present social analyses of the phenomenon in the early period of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran.

Migration of Jews to Medina and their interaction first with Ignorant Arab (Arab-I Jahili) of the area and then with Muslim Arab, apart from socio-political and economic outcomes, brought about important cultural consequences. Therefore, the review of the cultural positions of Yathrib Jews and their cultural interaction with Arab is one of the essential study topics of the early Islamic period. Because these interactions took new forms in the Prophet [Muhammed]'s era, and paved the way for the rising of unique political and social transformations. The authors, while considering structural differences between religious cultures of Yathrib Jews with that of Arab idolaters, will present historical analyses of cultural positions of Yathrib Jews and their interactions with Ignorant Arabs, Muslims, and willexplain the cultural backgrounds of all conflicting sides in the Prophet's era.

In the early twentieth century Muhammad Ali Shah Qajar opposed the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. His opposition and the constitutionalists' resistance led him, eventually, to attack the parliament (majlis) and to begin a short term (13 months) dictatorship in Iran. During this period, various resistance groups formed abroad to oppose the Shah, including the resistance centers of Paris, London, Switzerland, Istanbul, Caucus, and the 'Atabaat (the holy cities of Najaf and Karbala). The ulama's resistance center of Najaf was one the most important one. They managed to have theoretical as well as practical struggle on their agenda.This article will analyze their theoretical and practical struggles, which, along with the activities of other militant groups, eventually ended the shortterm dictatorship in Iran.

The 1953 coup in Iran was not merely a replacement of political power, but it was the beginning of a broad planning for changes and identity transformation in Iran. Changes included the political system first and then the whole society. It changed the structure of the state, parliament, political parties and the army. Foreign relations and socio-economic system of the country also were completely transformed, as compared to the National Oil Movement period. In fact, new horizons were opened in theory and practice of Iranians and made the achievement of logical and balanced identity for Iranians difficult. This paper will discuss the identity transformation of Iranians after the coup.

The Protocols between Tehran and Istanbul, as the outcome of the last period of diplomatic relations between Iran and the Ottomans, before the outbreak of the First World War, are considered as the final agreements between Iran and the Ottomans on the two hundred years of border conflicts. Those Protocols which was the impact of international circumstance and the pre-World War I events, also reflect the interventionism of Russia and Britain. In fact, those protocols brought to an end the property right of Iran on the regions of Zahab and Khaneqain.Moreover, the River Rights Proposal challenged, the historical rights of Iran.The significance of research about the Istanbul-Tehran protocols is because these protocols led to the Border Agreement of 1937 and the Algerian Agreement of 1975. Moreover, taking advantage of those Protocols by Iraqi governments to deny the rights of Iran on Arvandroud, which affected the relationship. of Iran with its western neighborhood, is another important factor in studying the topic. This paper while will show the influential factors in concluding the protocols, will present content analyses of these protocols. Finally it will investigate political effects of these protocols on Iran's sovereignty, especially on Arvandroud and the oil areas of the country.

This paper will study the effect of opium trade on the decline of silk export in Iran. It will give a brief historical background of each industry, then will analyze the possible effects of each one on the other.Silk production, whether in the form of cocoon or textile, used to be one of the most important export products of Iran. This product, because of calamity and economic condition always fluctuated, but from the last two decades of the 19th century on, it faced with a serious deterioration.On the other hand, opium that from the remote past used as only local consumption, suddenly as a result high foreign demand prospered and gradually became one of the main products of Iran. Although opium trade also because of various factors including fraud, low market demand, drought and high tariffs confronted with temporary stagnation. Eventually producing of this commodity (after passing of poppy seed cultivation bill) legally stopped. The author argues that sudden flourishing of opium trade in the country led to rapid decline of silk export, even after the opium legal act.