JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES
Year:2006 | Volume:16 | Issue:60|Papers Count:7

Some Greek, Roman and Muslim historians maintain that Daylamaan, (located in the south-west of Gilan Province) was independent in per-Islamic era. Their rationale is based on the presence of some hired Daylami soldiers in the Persian army, and the arduous roads in the region. However, this is not historically documented. In fact, insufficient historical information, differences between Iranian and Greek historians and prejudice towards Persian Empire led to these historical distortions, as well as insufficient information of Muslim narrators which reinforced the misunderstanding. This article by a critical review of the historical writing, will attempt to find the causes of emergence of his belief among historians and also shed light on the political situation in Daylamaan in the pre-Islamic era.

In the pre- Iranian Constitutional Revolution period (the late nineteenth century) a number of periodicals and newspapers were published abroad which examined internal problems of Iran with a critical perspective. Among them was Soraya Journal, which was published in Egypt (Ali Muhammad Kashani was its editor-in-chief). Soraya did not last long; however, it produced profound and substantial analyses of the Iranian society. These analyses would be useful to understand part of the history of the Constitutional Revolution, and also to realize the social problems of that historical period.This article will study the viewpoint of Soraya Journal; the way journal analyzed and evaluated the political and social affairs of the country and its approaches to deal with those problems.The article will argue that the Soraya .believed that ignorance, superstitious, lack of education and economic disorder (including inefficient tax system, bribing, corruption, lack of knowledge of world politics and influence of the colonial powers in the country) as main factors of problems of Iran at that time.

Considering traditional society of Iran during the Qajar period, the Modernization Program of Reza Shah (as a significant phenomenon in the socio-political history of Iran) brought about transformations in Iran, consequently, producing various reactions among people.This paper will examine reactions .of various social groups (including clergy, the khans, the government employees and tradesmen) in Zanjan to Reza Shah's modernization.The reason for choosing Zanjan is that most theoretical and historical studies on this topic concentrate on Tehran (the capital of the country) and lack investigation of effects of the central government's policies in order cities. The paper demonstrates that while people positively received certain aspects of modernization, especially those beneficial to the welfare of their lives, they rejected aspects of modernization which threatened their traditional doctrine and religious beliefs.

Dervish Reza's rebellion occurred in Qazvin in 1041 A. H. during the Shah Safi's period (1038-1052 A. H.) Dervish Reza succeeded in uniting a large segment of Turks and Tajiks against the government who were unsatisfied with taxes and economic system of the time. Criticizing socio-economic conditions and taking advantage of his religious teachings and the ideology behind certain defeated movement in the Safavid's period. Dervish Reza promised people to establish a just social system on behalf of Imam Mahdi. However, he was soon defeated by the government's supporters in Qazvin. This paper will investigate the roots, nature and objectives of Dervish Reza's rebellion.-Also Dervish's achievement and social effects, different viewpoints that were influenced on him and the causes of his defeat will be analyzed.

Arthur Chester Millspaugh, a US citizen, is well known in the modern political history of Iran due to his two consultancy missions for financial and monetary reforms in Iran (in 1922 and 1943). Having experienced the colonial behavior of Britain and Russia, Iranians preferred to employ foreign experts from countries with no colonial recording Iran, such as the US, France, Germany, Austria and Italy. This paper, by reviewing two books by Millspaugh, The American Task in Persia and Americans in Persia. Will present a different perspective on such missions. Powerful colonial states, as a result of uneven relationships, look at colonized countries from subjects' point of view, and their studies are based on subject/object relationships. In those studies, subjects employ their own standards to study others, and leave no room for objects' standards to play in the cognition process. As a step towards critical review of western Iranology, this article will study MiIlspaugh's books' to recognize subject /object perspective and relationship in these studies. This study will conclude the necessity of developing appropriate for social and cultural needs and conditions.

The Introduction of modernizing Western thought has had important effects on Iran's social structures during the Qajar period. Medicine was one of the areas, affected by these changes. As a consequence, two kinds of medicine grew along side each other: traditional and modem medicines.Considering substantial transformation in medicine in Qajar period, this article will investigate three related problems: 1- the characteristics of the traditional medicine in Iran and its shortcomings to meet the country's social needs. 2- The influential factors which led to the establishment of modem hospitals. 3- The role of foreign and Iranian doctors in administrating of those hospitals.Clarification of these issues will help better understanding the process of transformation of traditional medicine in Iran. The paper will discuss the complicated process of the scientific achievements. Also it will contextualize these transformation and achievements, in other words, the social condition of the Qajar period, in which these changes were developed will be analyzed.