Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage
Year:2019 | Volume:13 | Issue:3 |Papers Count:30

In this study, we examine and evaluate the amount of virtual water and water footprint in agriculture of south Khorasan province. Furthermore, results that obtained by water consumer industry in this province was compared together. in southern Khorasan province, with an average annual rainfall of 98 mm, Average annual production of over 490 thousand tons of agricultural products, overdraft more than 170 million cubic from groundwater. In this study, the average of virtual water for major agricultural products in South Khorasan province is about 2900 cubic meters per ton of product, which is estimated at 21 cubic meters per ton for the province's water industry. As a result, rice imported about 341 million cubic meters of water in virtual form due to agricultural product trade in 2011 to 2015. During the study period, the province has always been the virtual exporter, with the volume of virtual water exported from agricultural products increased from 412 to 533 million cubic meters, which is the highest share of cotton exports, saffron and barberry, respectively. The average total volume of water footprint in the agricultural sector of the province during the studied years is 510 million cubic meters, which is estimated at 700 cubic meters per person per year.

Initial soil moisture has a major role in water infiltration during a rainfall event. The study was conducted to investigate water variations of infiltration as affected by initial moisture contents in different soil textures under the simulated rainfall. The study was performed in three soil textures (Loamy, Sandy loam and Sandy clay loam) with four initial soil moisture contents at three replications as a completely randomized design in a hillslope located. Twelve plots with a dimension of 60 cm × 80 cm were installed up to down in the hillslope. The plots were gravitationally saturated and soil moisture content was determined by weight method after 1, 4, 7 and 10 days. The plots were exposed to five simulated rainfalls with an intensity of 55 mm h-1 for 30 min and 10-day interval. Results indicated that soil moisture was affected by soil texture (Loamy, Sandy loam and Sandy clay loam) and the day after the saturated (1, 4, 7 and 10 days) of the plots (P<0. 001). The average infiltration rate in the total rainfall period (30 min) was 30. 5, 41. 9 and 41. 8 mm. h-1 in Loamy, Sandy loam and Sandy clay loam soil respectively. In turn, this was influenced by the soil moisture and also the coarse soil porosity.

The footprint of water in a product is defined as the used water to produce it. Present study is conducted with the aim of calculating the footprint of water in farm and gardening products in 24 plains of Kermanshah province in the 2015-2016 cultivative year. The function and parameters impressing the calculations were collected using the statistics provided by agricultural organization of Jihad. The aquatic need of plants was extracted by CropWat software and the footprint of products was calculated. Results showed that among the agricultural studied products, of his plain, watermelon, forage corn and Sugar beet were identified as the appropriate products according to average index of water footprint and on the other side, sesame, beans and sunflower were identified as the the most inappropriate products according to the index. In the gardening sector, almond and cherry-sour cherry were identified as the most inappropriate and appropriate products according to the above index, respectively. Among all the plains of Kermanshah, kermansh allocated the most portion of water index footprint in the gardening sector. The footprint of blue water is nearly more than green in studied products; representing the dependence of products to surface and ground water resources. Hence, according to recent droughs and water shortage, water resources must be used accurately and decision must be made for cultivating the products with less water requirement and better performance Also, the index of water footprint in products can be reduced considerably by measures such as deficit irrigation, mulching and by the use of modern irrigation systems.

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the classic sprinkler irrigation system and identify the exploitation challenges. The assessment included the measurement of the uniformity coefficient of Christinean (CU), distribution uniformity (DU), potential effeceincy of the low quarter (PELQ), and application effeciency of low quarter (AELQ). The average wind drift and evaporation losses was 19 and 16 percent in selected farms in Isfahan and Fars provinces, respectively. The average amount of DU and CU for selected famrs in Isfahan provinces was 55 and 63 percent and for Fars provinces was 64 and 76 percent, respectively. The average amount of PELQ and AELQ in Isfahan province were 45 and 38 percent and that was 53 and 46 percent in Fars province. The average amount of PELQ in selected farms in Fars province was 18 percent higher than that in Isfahan province. The potential effeceincy of the low quarter was lower than the acceptable range in evaluated irrigation systems. It was attributed to the low uniformity of water distribution, the wind drift and evaporation losses and as well as, inappropriate working pressure due to the improper irrigation system design and operation. Considering the encountered areas with water and energy shortages and most importantly, climatic constraints (extreme heat and existence of severe wind on most agricultural areas), a medium pressure sprinkler systems (small sprinklers), drip irrigation system or low pressure systems were suggetced for these provinces.

Drought is a natural, repeatedly and temporary event, that is caused by decreasing in rainfall amount than in long term average whether it can happen in every climate, and is one of the disturbing events in nature that causes the most damage to water resources. In this study was used modified Indexes Standardized Precipitation (SPImod) and streamflow drought index (SDImod) for purposes of temporal assessment and analysis of droughts occurrence, monthly data of 15 rain gauge and 4 hydrometric stations in Tajan basin were used and indices in six timeframes short-term (one-month and three-month) intermediate term (six-month and nine-month periods) and long-term (12 months and 24 months were calculated in MATLAB software. In part of the research, Pearson correlation coefficient between precipitation and flow with different time delays was calculated to determine the delay of currents' delay to precipitation in real mode. Then the modified Streamflow drought index (SDImod) with modified Standardized Precipitation Indexe (SPImod) time series at various temporal interval using Pearson correlation was studied in the whole of basin and sub basins also compared separately. The results showed that temporal relationship between hydrological and meteorological drought occurrence is significant at 99 % level with together and this correlation is maximum in the 9 months' time step in Tajan basin. Also Drought occurrence in case study area showed its effect with a delay of 1 to 7 months on surface water resources.

occurring scour phenomenon around spur dike is one of the most fundamental scour factors that every year is coused exercising much financial recompense in worldUsing riprap around groin is one of the procedures to control scouring around it. In this study, some experiments were conducted in a laboratory plexiglass made the rectangular flume with a bend of 180 degree in order to evaluate effects of slot geometry in the groin on the riprap stability. A series of experiments was conducted by inserting a plexiglass made groin there with riprap around it. The experiments achieved by application of one type of riprap with constant density and four different diameter in constant discharge and clear water state. in each test measured flow depth in condition failure incipient and then calculation the stability number by use obtained data. The results this investigation showed that in failure incipient case decreased stability number with increase the slot relative distance from head of groins but increases with excess the slot relative width.

In this study, 5 fixed classic sprinkler irrigation systems with portable sprinkler with cropping pattern of wheat, clover, alfalfa, potato and sunflower with two different patterns sprayer moveent were evaluated in the city of Sonqor, Kermanshah province. The discharge of sprinklers, spraying rate, water infiltration rate and infiltrated water depth showed that the water application efficiency, Christiansen coefficient and water distribution uniformity varied from between 32. 7 to 70. 3, 58 to 78 and 44. 57 to 63 percent respectively. The application efficiency of low quarter of all systems were 29 to 45 percent and the potential efficiency of low quarter the three system 1, 3, 5 were 73. 8, 70. 6, 70 percent and system 2 and 4 were 49. 16 and 29 percent respectively. Low efficiency and application efficiency of low quarter are due to wind and evaporation Losses that measured from the difference in the water output from the sprinklers with the water collected in the cans and deep percolation calculated. Inappropriate pressure, the use of multiple and different sprinklers, pressure and discharge variations were the main reasons of low indicators. The main problems of these systems are mismatch design with implementation, lack of adequate supervision on implementation and after it, inadequate information on soil condition, water requirement, productivity, operation management and rather than economic issues in selection of irrigation equipment and methods.

The submergence threshold of a structure is investigated to determine the boundary between free and submerged flows. Knowing the Submergence threshold of the structure, can help to estimate the discharge in free and submerged conditions with reasonable accuracy. Lopac gates are control structures used to regulate the flow in irrigation canals which has limited reported studies. In this study, the submergence threshold of the lopac gate in different gate opening was investigated. For this purpose, the lopac gate was studied under different hydraulic and operation conditions. Experiments were conducted on a laboratory model at Water Research Institute of Iran. Using the interpolation, the submergence threshold of the lopac gate is obtained for different values of opening angle and flow discharge based on the criteria of one, two and three percent of the depth variation. The graphs of the submergence threshold can be presented as a functional guide. The most important non-dimensional parameters affecting the submergence threshold of the lopac gate are the ratio of the gate opening to the gate width, and upstream Froud Number ( g g B b and 1 Fr ). Accordingly, a relationship was found for the submergence threshold of the lopac gate using experimental results in two discharge of 0. 025 and 0. 030 cms and based on the affecting non-dimensional parameters. The resultant relationship estimates the submergence threshold of the lopac gate with the maximum relative error of ± % 10 which is practically acceptable. In addition the derived figures of the submergence ratio are practical guidelines for determining the boundary between free and submerged flow for different conditions.

Water is the most important limiting factor for the development of agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. In our country, in addition to water scarcity, which has caused problems for agricultural development, the lack of optimal use of extractive water has led to a lower yield. Therefore, considering the huge share of water use in agriculture and the low water productivity, it is considered necessary to select and apply methods for improving irrigation methods and optimizing water use in plants. Come In this research, irrigation management planning for wheat plant has been investigated using AquaCrop water productivity model at different stages of growth under low irrigation and irrigation under stress conditions. Due to the fact that irrigation planning during the growth period always has a constant depth of water to the plant. Therefore, in this study, due to the water requirements of the plant at different times, the depth of irrigation water was changed. For this purpose, the required data of the model including climatic, vegetation data, applied irrigation amounts and wheat data were given to the model. Then, by changing the distance and depth of irrigation, water productivity and total dry matter of wheat were evaluated. The optimum selection for the product used in this research was obtained at 10 days intervals by application of different irrigation depths with a yield of 19. 19 kg / m3.

Due to the scarcity of water and the growing demand for water resources, the use of wastewater is necessary. Therefore, there are numerous regional investigations in the field of wastewater use and the effect of irrigation with it is of great importance. In this study, the effect of industrial waste water on the chemical properties of soil under cultivation of barley in Torbat-Heydarieh was studied. For this purpose, a factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with four replications (R) was carried out in a field experiment. The treatments in this study were three treatments: well water (T1), sugar plant wastewater (T2), water and wastewater (87. 5% water and 12. 5% wastewater) (T3) combination with two full irrigation levels (L1) and 75% water stress (L2). The results showed that water stress and type of irrigation water had a significant effect on potassium, phosphorus, total nitrogen and salinity at 1% probability level and on acidity at 5% probability level. The highest amount of potassium, phosphorus, total nitrogen, salinity and acidity in T2L2 treatment, the lowest amount of potassium, phosphorus and total nitrogen in T3L1 treatment and the lowest acidity in T2L1 treatment with 7. 2 was observed. The overall result of the research is that the irrigation with the sugarcane factory sewage in a water stress condition not only has no adverse effects on the chemical properties of the soils of the studied areas, but because of the positive effects, it is recommended to irrigate the barley grazing area with this water resource.

Groundwater contamination is one of the most important threats to natural ecosystems and human health. Therefore, groundwater quality assessment, due to the provision of a large part of agricultural and drinking consumption, is very important and can help improve the management of water resources. One of the causes of groundwater pollution is the existence of heavy metals, especially arsenic, the overload of which causes many problems, such as various diseases. Groundwater pollution witharsenic has been reported in most parts of the world and Iran, specifically Kerman Province. In the present study, spatial distribution and temporal variability of arsenic in groundwater resources of Sirjan Plain, located in Kerman Province, are investigated. For this purpose, sampling was performed from 22 groundwater resources (agricultural wells, drinking water and qanats) withsuitable spatial distribution in the plain on the seasonal basis (from winter 2015 to spring 2017) and the amount of arsenic in the water resources wasmeasured. The spatial distribution analysis showed that the concentration of arsenic in groundwater samples varied from 1μ g/l to 200 μ g/l. The highest concentrations of arsenic was in the northeastern part of the plain and in parts of the central area, and a decreasing trend was found towards the north and south of the plain. It was shown that 68% of the available water was not suitable for drinking. Also, results of the seasonal sampling and the assessment of groundwater level showed that, with the increasing discharge of groundwater resources and reducing level of groundwater, arsenic concentration was increased. It can be concluded that, with the excessive discharge of groundwater and further decrease in the level of groundwater, there wasa potential for increasing arsenic concentration.

Soil moisture is a determinant factor in most of complex environmental processes and has an important role in agricultural activities, hydrologic studies, and environmental monitoring. In this study the soil moisture data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2)were used and these data were compared with ground-based measurements over Rafsanjan plain. The comparison criteria’ s are consisted of the evaluation of the mean error, root mean squared error, and the correlation coefficient. The results of validation showed that the measurements of the soil moisture at the stations 4, 5, and 6 behaved similarly to AMSR2 soil moisture, and the correlations were above of 70%, and at the stations 1, 2, and 3, the correlations were low. In order to achieve better results, a downscaling technique was used. The technique suggests that remotely sensed soil moisture retrieved from the AMSR2 system at a 25km resolution can be downscaled to 1km resolution by using a simple linear equation based on parameters calculated with a regression model, which is based on three physical properties of 1km resolution retrieved from MODIS. The results revealed that the downscaling technique reduced the errors and increased the correlation coefficient, the correlation coefficients at stations 1, 2, and 3 increased from 0. 295, 0. 552, 0. 237 to 0. 864, 0. 7, 0. 75, respectively.

In this study, the suitability of groundwater quality for drinking proposes and wells ranking have been investigated using two techniques including water quality index (WQI) and hybrid TOPSIS-entropy theory (ETOPSIS) for 36 wells located in Shahr-e-Babak aquifer. During the WQI calculating process, the weight of each parameter is usually given by expert’ s experience and chemical parameters with low weights but high concentration values (or vice versa) reduces evaluation stability. So, the hybrid ETOPSIS method has been developed. In ETOPSIS method, the weight of each parameter is calculated using entropy-based weighting approach. Also, normalizing each single parameter in ETOPSIS is to consider the effect of each qualitative parameter besides their overall influence in ranking of wells. Also, in this study, pollution risk-based prioritization of wells has been applied according to time consequences of pollution in seven years and probability of pollution for the first time. According to WQI results based on 1053 standard, over 8 and 17 % of wells were in the class of "excellent" and "good" quality, respectively. Using ETOPSIS technique, the well number 11 ranked as the best and first well that had lowest pollution risk (TC = 0. 95), but this well achieved the fourth rank and classified as well with “ good” water quality by WQI method (WQI = 54. 4). Investigation of chemical parameters confirmed the validity of the ETOPSIS results. Calculation of entropy weighting showed that concentration of Mg and HCO3 with same entropy weight equal to 0. 17 have highest impact and pH with entropy weight equal to 0. 05 has minimal influence on the ETOPSIS ranking. The low pollution risk recognized in Eastern parts of study region, but it was high and dangerous in West and Southern west. The wells risk ranks that obtained from WQI and ETOPSIS based on 50 % pollution threshold were correlate with R2 = 0. 951. Based on the results indicate that application of ETOPSIS could produce useful and more reliable results than WQI.

In order to evaluate the performance of three cropping models: AquaCrop, Wofost, and CropSyst, for simulating rapeseed yield, experimental data collected from Qazvin research station during two years (2010-2012) were used. Treatments were consisted of 12 deficit irrigation scenarios (T1 to T12) and full irrigation (FI) during crop season. Results showed that all three copping models were moderately sensitive with the respect to change the input parameters. AquaCrop was only highly sensitive to alteration of the transpiration coefficient values. The average differences between measured and simulated grain yield using AquaqCrop, Wofost, and Cropsyst were 10. 2%, 12. 1%, and 12. 6%, respectively. The RMSE values for grain yield simulation using AquaCrop, Wofost, and CropSyst were 0. 216, 0. 286, and 0. 332 ton. ha-1, respectively. RMSE values for biomass using abovementioned models were 0. 223, 0. 418, and 0. 446 ton. ha-1, respectively. NRMSE values for abovementioned models were 0. 04, 0. 09, and 0. 09, respectively. Values for EF were also revealed that AquaCrop had a better efficiency compared to other models. Regarding the results, it seems that AquaCrop is an appropriate cropping model to simulate rapeseed yield and biomass.

The purpose of this study was to determine the potential evapotranspiration (ETo) using energy balance and evaporation pan methods compared to the FAO Penman-Monteith method. The study area is located in West Azerbaijan province, approximately 37 km north of Urmia. In this research, the data of the Kahriz synoptic meteorological station data was used for a period of 7 months from April to October 2006 through 2008. After analyzing the data, the potential evapotranspiration was determined daily and monthly in all three methods. The results showed that ETo estimation in energy balance method was more accurate than evaporation pan method. The maximum and minimum ETo three-year average in the energy balance method (calculated with a reflection coefficient of α =25%) was 8. 5 and 2. 7 mm per day, respectively. While these values were 6. 5 and 0. 9 in the evaporation pan method, respectively, and FAO Penman-Monteith method was 11. 3 and 2. 9 mm per day, respectively. In the energy balance method, the mean three-year values of the Bowen ratio (β ) and solar net radiation (Rn calculated with a reflection coefficient of 25%) were between-0. 4134 to-0. 2443 and 7. 1 to 8. 4 mm per day, respectively. In the pan evaporation method, the coefficient of Pan (KP) was calculated to be between 0. 45 and 0. 82.

Investigating the efficiency of irrigation networks is one of the most important factors in providing the necessary information to promote the performance of these systems and according to the recent water crisis, it should be considered by managers and planners of this field. This study has investigated the efficiency of four irrigation networks in Great Karun basin include Gotvand, Northeast of Ahwaz, the East of Shoeibeyeh and Myanab Shooshtar. One of the most important factors affecting the performance of these networks is the quality of soil and water resources. Therefore the efficiency of these networks was estimated under two scenarios of with and without considering water and soil quality. To conduct this study, a robust data envelopment analysis (RDEA) method has been used that has the potential to apply uncertain conditions for the input and output data of the model. The results showed that adding water and soil water quality data caused some of the seemingly inefficient networks to be significantly improved in efficiency score, and so the difference between rankings in two scenarios is very tangible. So that the average efficiency of networks is 0. 8 in the first scenario and 0. 97 in the second scenario. It was also found that there is a significant difference between the actual and optimal use for two input data of maintenance and personnel costs which has led to inefficiencies in networks. This difference was lower in the second scenario and was calculated for maintenance and personnel costs by 41 and 34 percent, respectively. Investigating the sensitivity analysis in the RDEA model showed that with increasing system protection against uncertainty, the efficiency score in the networks decreases.

Spatial and temporal infiltration, hydrological studies at large levels such as catchment areas and at small levels, such as managing irrigation systems, are costly, time consuming and complicated. One of the proper methods for determining the general relationship of penetration is the scaling of relationships, which is a practical solution to the problem of soil variability. In this paper, with the aid of scaling and using penetration testing data, a binomial relation was obtained for water penetration in three soils. Maximum MAE and RMSE values for calibration of the proposed relationship were calculated to be 0. 48 and 0. 55 respectively. These values are highly accurate to the depths of penetration (10 to 25 cm). Although the evaluation of the empirical relationship between the three-dimensional In fluence that was obtained in previous studies has less error rates, the simplicity of the binomial relationship and the shorter computing of the empirical relationship of reasoning infiltration on Its superiority.

The use of cheap adsorbents, such as hydrochar and biochar, is important for protecting the environment (preventing water pollution by nitrates). For this purpose, this research was carried out at research farm of Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2018. The treatments of this research were modified hydrochar and biochar in three levels of 0 (control), 2 and 5 g / kg soil in 4 replicates. After preparing the hydrochar and biochar from sugarcane bagasse, mixing these materials with loamy soil and put them into test tubes, urea fertilizer was applied in irrigation 1, 6 and 12 (from 15 irrigation) to soil columns. This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with two independent experiments. At the end of each irrigation, nitrate output was measured. The results showed that the effect of 5 grams of biochar treatments on all irrigation and 5 grams of hydrochar, except irrigation 4 and 6 at 5% level, was significant on nitrate leaching. 2 g of biochar treatment showed better performance than 2 g of Hydrochar in all experiments. Treatment of 2 and 5 g of biochar per kg of soil were 30 and 43% respectively, and treatment of 2 and 5 g of hydrochar per kg of soil, were 20 and 31%, respectively, was effective in preventing nitrate leaching.

Drought as one of the most important natural disasters affects communities directly through changes in access to water resources, resulting in major damage to human life and natural ecosystems. Agricultulal vulnerability can be referred to the degree that agricultural systems may experience harm due to a stress. In this study, for the purpose of quantitative measurement of meteorological drought The standardized precipitation indices (SPI), rainfall anomalies (RAI) and annual precipitation criteria (SIAP) were used based on the monthly precipitation of 6 meteorological stations in Razavi and southern Khorasan provinces during 30 years (1364-1394)in Iran. Saffron relative yield index was used to study the effects of meteorological drought on agriculture. The severity of droughts was in severe and very severe mode. The SIAP, RAI and SPI indices have shown a trend consistent with the crop indices of saffron. However, the SIAP and SPI were more favorable in terms of the severity of estimated droughts with relative performance index. Drought indices in saffron producing cities in Razavi and South Khorasan provinces over the past 10 years have been significantly correlated with relative decline in saffron yield during this period. The results showed that in all the study locations the saffron production was low sensitive to drought in this period.

Flexible debris flow barrier is defined as a type of risk reduction structure against debris flow, which is more economical than concrete barriers. The mentioned barrier has been successfully applied to decrease or even stop the debris flow volume without downstream damage. Performance of the barrier in order to control the full gravel debris flow were examined in a laboratory flume. Then, specific parameters were listed and based on dimensional analysis, behavior of this structure against full gravel debris flow has been programmed, identified and tested using dimensionless criteria. The results of the experiments indicated acceptable performance of network barrier with different opening and geometry against various flow concentrations and debris flow velocities. Moreover, the results showed that the flume slope is a criterion for expressing the flow velocity, and tracks type on the barrier are the most effective factors on the barrier performance. An increase of 25 percent in the accumulated debris height parameter has been occurred with a change of 2 degrees in the flume slope. Decreases equal to 7 and 12. 5 percent in the length range parameter of the debris accumulation upstream of the barrier have been observed by the experiments with a change in position of the vertical tracks embedded on the barrier. Moreover, pressures on the barrier are calculated in each flow, which can be actually effective in designing the correct barrier.

In order to investigate the qualitative changes in forage products using unconventional waters and zeolites, a split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications at Gharakhil Agricultural Research Station in Ghaemshahr. In this experiment, the main treatment was irrigation water quality (well water as control (W1); 75% well water and 25% seawater (W2); 25% well water and 75% seawater (W3); 100% urban treated wastewater in alternative with 100% seawater (W4); 50% seawater and 50% urban treated wastewater (W5); irrigation with urban treated wastewater (W6)) and sub-treatment including three levels of zeolite as soil modifier (without zeolite Z1, zeolite calcium Z2 and zeolite potasic Z3). The results of data analysis showed that the effect of irrigation water quality treatments and zeolite levels on forage yield had a significant effect at a probability level of 5%. Salinity reduced forage yield but no significant difference was observed between W5 and W4 treatments. The amount of fresh forage yield in treated wastewater with zeolite calcium was 129 t. ha-1, which was more than the rest of the treatments. The protein content of sorghum was decrease with increasing the amount of salinity, but carbohydrate increased. The highest leaf protein content was observed in W6Z2 treatment at 14. 83%. The highest carbohydrate content was seen in W3Z3 treatment at 9. 75 mg. g-1. The highest rate of adsorption of cadmium and chromium was in W3 treatment, which was higher in root of plant than leaves and stems, and in zeolite-containing treatments, this amount was lower in leaves and stem.

Lateral cavities are major storage zones in riverine environments for which the mass exchanges with the main stream strongly affect the characteristics of the habitat in these dead zones. An experimental and numerical work is presented here for ten regular dead zones in a controlled symmetric open-channel. Lateral dead zones were in a different aspect ratio and water surface velocity was determined by image processing. For numerical simulation, STARCCM+ was used under LES condition. Flow pattern and turbulence intensity figures were calculated from the Image processing results and numerical data. Our results showed that the maximum intensity was obtained in boundary of main channel and dead zone, also its value increases by decreasing the aspect ratio of cavity. Maximum intensity in cavity with aspect ratio less than one, was 3 times above the cavity with aspect ratio less than one. In addition, gyres formed in regions with an aspect ratio less than one were strongly affected by the shape of the channel and no initial gyre was observed. However, in regions with aspect ratio more than one, the primary and secondary gyres were formed.

One of the major challenges facing of agriculture in the present days is to produce more food, using less water. This research investigates the effects of deficit irrigation and urban wastewater treatment on biomass, grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency in single grain crosses 704 maize. The research was designed in a randomized complete block with two irrigation water types (well water (I) and wastewater (W)) and three level of irrigation treatments of 100 (D1), 75 (D2) and 55% (D1) water requirement in three replications, in the research field of collage of Abourihan, university of Tehran in Pakdasht city during the 2017. The results showd that, the highest plant biomass yield was 2. 927 kg. m-2 for full irrigation with wastewater and there was no significant difference between D1 and D2 treatments and only a decrease of 11. 1% was observed. The highest grain yield was observed 1. 597 kg. m-2 in full irrigation with wastewater treatment. The grain yield in W treatment was 10. 65% higher than I treatments, but this difference was not different significant. The highest water use efficiency was obtained for treatment of 75% with wastewater and equal to 5. 3 kg. m-3 of water.

Canola oil is one of the healthiest edible oil for human consumption and has gained public attention in providing edible oil in Iran. Therefore, growers are increasingly being interested in the cultivation of canola in various parts of Iran such as Haji Abad in Hormozgan province. However, there is no reliable data on water requirement of canola in this area. Therefore, a four-year experiment was conducted at Haji Abad research station for agriculture to determine crop water requirement of canola. In the first year of the experiment, a lysimeter was installed in the center of a 4-ha ground area. Then, in the next three years, canola (Hayula-401 var. ) was cultivated in and around the lysimeter and its water requirement was measured weekly over the entire growing season. Results showed that under optimal growth conditions met in this research, canola needed 526. 55 mm water to produce 2950 kg ha-1 grain which should be provided according to its daily water requirement over the growing season. Daily water requirement of canola varied from1. 66 mm day-1 at rosette stage to nearly 6. 5 mm day-1 during pod and seed development stages. Of the total canola water requirement, about 20 mm used for seed germination, 30 mm during rosette stage, 63 mm from early stem elongation to flower initiation, 110 mm during flowering, and 235 mm during pod formation and grain filling periods.

Hamedan province is one of the suitable areas for growing garlic, So that This product is considered as a source of income in this region. Due to traditional cultivation and And no use of new methods, productivity of production factors in producing this product are not acceptable. Since increased production by increasing the cultivated area is faced With limitations such as Water Resources limitation. Therefore, by increasing the productivity of inputs Particularly the water can be achieved by increasing production. In this regard, the study of the productivity of production factors is very important. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the productivity of production factors in two surface and sprinkler irrigation methods in garlic production in Hamedan province. The required data of this study were collected by a questionnaire from 145 of garlic farmers in Bahar and Hamedan city in 2017. In order to determine the proper yield function in both surface and sprinkler irrigation methods, the Transcendental and Translog function were used respectively. The results of this study showed that the productivity of all production factors, especially water in sprinkler irrigation system, is significantly higher than surface irrigation system. Farmers in sprinkler irrigation method are more logical in terms of water use. Physical and economic productivity of water in sprinkler and surface irrigation is 2. 6, 1. 76 kg per cubic meter of water and 128932 and 87146 rials per cubic meter of water, respectively. Thus, on average, the physical and economic productivity of garlic production in sprinkler irrigation is 48 percent higher than surface irrigation. Total stretch of production factors Showed that the sprinkler irrigation method has a high potential for increasing production compared to surface irrigation methods. garlic farmers use water, fertilizer and seeds optimally, but use chemical pesticides in both irrigation methods and Labor force in surface irrigation method More than the optimal amount of use. Farmers use water, fertilizer and seed optimally, but use chemical pesticides in both irrigation methods and the workforce in surface irrigation method More than the optimal amount of use. Therefore, in order to better utilize the factors of production and increase the profitability of the farm, it is necessary to reduce the use of chemical pesticides in both irrigation methods and to use less labor in surface irrigation method.