JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
Year:2011 | Volume:3 | Issue:4|Papers Count:13

In this paper one of the most important models of science-technology relationship, named “technology-as-applied science” is critically considered from philosophical and historical point of view. At first, some ideas of Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes are reviewed as the philosophical roots of that model, and then Mario Bunge’s elaborated defense of the model is reconstructed.For criticism, firstly the ideological perspective of post-modern thought about the position and relationship of science and technology is considered according to which in the post-modern era technology has primacy over everything including science. Secondly, strong critiques of technology historians are reviewed in which they undeniably showed that the history of science and technology relationship does not accord with the model. Finally some implications of those critical arguments for science and technology policy are pointed out.

The goal of this research is the study, evaluation and condition of university researches commercialization. The research method was qualitative-quantitative, and in data collection the survey technique has been applied. The samples (thirty four industry activists) were selected from the faculties of Tabriz University such as the faculty of agriculture, chemistry, technical, electricity, mechanics, and new technologies, and they were interviewed and studied. The results showed that the process of commercialization in studied years is always ascending. In regarding the identification of relationship between functional variables and how they affect commercialization, it became cleared that there is a significant relationship between variables like publishing articles in conferences, common research contracts and M.A theses with commercialization. By the study of the views of commercialization activists in faculties, it is obvious that in this process they regarded the offices of relationship with industry and its dynamic interaction with other sections as necessary. In their viewpoints, commercialization methods give priority respectively such as; joint projects, consulting services, licensing and establishing spin off companies.

The main of this paper, is determining relationship between science and technology performance indicators used by private sector industry based on balanced scorecard. Evaluation of support by development organizations in the Ministry of Industries and Mines of IRAN in empowering the private sector in domains of science and technology includes four dimensions that in the first step, evaluation indices derived based on field studies and ultimately bilateral questionnaires are created. These indicators are grouped into some categories named strategic issues of that field and then between them are drawn conceptual relationship. Next, relationships between each of these issues, by means of statistics concept, are being assessed in the form of a multi-agent structure and ultimately, executive paths are being determined. This research will help managers to understand managing key indicators of success and can identify critical paths and the way to overcome critical situations.

Academic works are considered as a critical source for the technology development of countries. In this article, the intellectual property rights of academic works at universities were, first, defined. In the next stage we examined the essential elements which are needed to create these works including; the creator, a special legal person on behalf of university, existence of employment contract, and the created work. Also about the ownership of the intellectual property that is created in university, three criteria including work for salary, substantial use of university resources and transfer of ownership contract that are used in famous universities in western countries were introduced. We compared these criteria with what is used in some of Iranian universities along with intellectual property law of Iran and examined legal status of ownership for these works in three positions above.

Science ethics is as a major precondition for the establishment of higher education quality assurance system. Extend and expand the values prevailing scientific and professional behavior at all academic levels can increase the social commitment of faculty and students and the community is more confidence in academics and health communication and scientific research activity. In this research, the researcher recognized factors that adherence to scientific ethics and measured the influences of them on scientific ethics. The research sample was faculty of Tabriz University. Collecting data was done by questionnaire. Moreover, analyzing data was carried out by SPSS software version and multiple regression analysis. The results indicate Social capital, social trust, social participation, group cohesion and Scientific Production have positive relationships with scientific ethics among faculty of Tabriz University. Furthermore, social capital has the most positive relationship with scientific ethics.

Rapid growth of economic globalization in today's world, increasingly tighter the conditions for dynamic growth of industries in developing countries. Developing countries for the successful growth and export of industrial production have no choice but to use High Tech and save on production costs. Technology is considered as one of the major factors that affect economic and industrial development, especially High Tech that plays an important role on growth and progress of industries in those countries. Through classification of technologies in production and export (Resource Based industries, Low Tech, Medium Tech and High Tech) High Tech cause high value added and also the result of this kind of technology affect on other economic sectors and increase their productivity. This paper surveys behavior of 50 developed and developing countries about High Tech Exports using GLS technique on Panel Data for the period 1990-2005 with regard to price and non-price variables and identify factors affecting High Tech Export. The results show that the variables R & D, FDI, exchange rate, the degree of openness of economics and experiences resulting from trade in both groups of countries affect on High Tech Export positively and significantly and economic growth only in the group of developed countries affect on export of these productions.

Given the present situation of UN sanctions against Iran, this paper attampts to answer one basic question: is it possible to present a theoretical framework upon which we can assess the defying strategies of sanctioned countries from NIS approach? To answer this question, the paper presents first a redefinition of the national innovation system in the sanctioned countries containing a duality of strategic and civil sector.Based on the interaction between these two sectors, it presents a theoretical framework, distinguishing three phases of forming, developing and maturing national innovation systems. The paper then proceeds to assess the strategies of sanctioned countries based on their place in the presented theoretical framework. At the end, there is a short discussion about Iranian strategies against the international sanctions.