ANDISHE-E-NOVIN-E-DINI
Year:2007 | Volume:3 | Issue:8|Papers Count:8

This article reviews Cosmological argument in proving the existence of God from the viewpoint of Imam Khomeini (RA). At first, various views to the existence of God are reviewed and then its etymology will be reviewed. Cosmological argument proves God through universal premises about truth and world and and the Movement Argument, Casual Argument and Necessity and Possibility Argument are different versions of this issue. Aside from presenting a brief introduction of various Cosmological arguments from the viewpoint of philosophers, three Cosmological arguments (Possibility Argument, Quranic Argument, and Movement Argument) from the viewpoint of Imam Khomeini will be given. The foundation of this argument in various versions is the causality principle and the impossibility of infinite regress. Some critiques of this argument suppose that the function of the causality principle is only in empirical areas and they don't believe in impossibility of infinite regress. This article answers to the difficulties of this problem from Imam Khomeini's point of view. The causality principle is a rational and evident one, which is applicable in all of the realms of existence and so infinite regress can not be the proper explanation for the existence of things.

Reductionism is a major methodological mistake in research and generally in thought; because it can pose as an obstacle to comprehensive views about the researched issue. This issue is more tangible in religious phenomena - due to the multidimensional entity of this subject – and can be more destructive. A researcher through focusing on one role and aspect of religion and concentrating on a theoretical frame work gives direction to religious studies. Dogmatic thought, modernism approach, pluralism, the pluralism and relativism of post modernism all in their own unique ways can lead to the development of reductionism in religious phenomena. Contemplation in the researcher's background of thought, motives, and his expertise regarding the categorization of religious phenomena, can help us exclude exclusivism and unilateralism in religious studies and direct us towards hidden aspects of reductionism approaches in relation to religious issues. Meta-post modernism is after introducing comprehensive view points, which pluralism reflects truth within them. This article through analyzing related ideas and approaches, which have led to these theories, introduces reductionism and unilateralism in religious phenomena.

Quran researchers have forwarded various viewpoints in the realm of Quranic language, which from among Alame Tabatabie's is the most comprehensive. He believes that the Quranic language is a mixture of various languages. The language of some of the Quran's propositions is declarative and describes objective events – both tangible and intangible; five groups of Quranic verses are as stated below:- Naturalistic verses: describe natural events and facts.- Social verses: describe social laws and social categories.- Ontological verses: describe philosophical and super natural events.- Verses which describe the Day of Resurrection, Heaven, and Hell.The languages of some of the other verses of Quran are descriptive and non-cognitional. The explanation of commands and orders, devotion and worship, reward and retribution … are among the examples for this; also the language of the other verses is symbolic and allegoric. But it can be said that according to various evidences and reasons all Quranic propositions have a cognitional language.

The relation among the three elements of knowledge is considered as an important issue in epistemology. Mollasadra introduced the relation between knowledge and object-known in mental existence and upon his own principals of philosophy believed that the essence of knowledge is the occurring of quiddity and the nature of external object in mind. Knowledge is a kind of existence, which within carries a subsistence of issuing in relation to soul. He in the relation between knowledge and subject explained the unity of subject and object; he believes in the unity of all kinds of perception with perceiver. Therefore it can be said the issues of "mental existence" and" the unification of the perceiver and the perceived "complete one another in epistemology.

Following the dawn of Islam's rich and comprehensive culture, all people, especially Muslim and even non-Muslim thinkers and scholars wanted to gain knowledge about the Holy Prophet of Islam -Mohammad (PBUH) -and Shiite leaders' ways and applying the universal life style led by these great characters in politics, economics, social and religious aspects so to revive the utopia of the Holy Prophet of Islam Mohammad (PBUH) era. One of the ways to reach this need is Hadith. Iran's unique geographical and historical position – especially in a time when Iran stands as the only country with a Shiite government – led to the formation of the Akhbarian cult. From the positive and negative results of this issue, we can refer to the gathering of various Hadith books, strengthening of this cult, and the weakening of religious rules and principles and jurisprudence.

The definition of propositional knowledge has been said to be: "knowledge is belief in justified truth" and belief, truth, and justified are necessary and adequate conditions in the actualization of knowledge. Many faults have been directed towards this three elemental definition, which some of them have been derived from the element of justification. This article reviews some of the most important ambiguities regarding the element of justification and refers to subjective and objective theories related to justification.

The argument of possibility and necessity- which is considered as some of the most important arguments in proving the existence of God - have taken a key place in humans' thoughts. In history, among thinkers related to the creation of the universe, no major philosopher or thinker can be found other than those who have faced this argument; thus this argument has met many criticisms and descriptions. This article has chosen one of these descriptions - due to its considerable specifications - and Russell, Hume, and Kant's critiques toward it have been brought and answered to. The reason why this argument was chosen was: "clarity of statements, staying away from impossibility of infinite regres".