ANDISHE-E-NOVIN-E-DINI
Year:2007 | Volume:3 | Issue:10|Papers Count:10

Innovation and evolution in sciences needs to its own logical methodology. This paper, considering the necessity of evolution in sciences, has intended to establish a theory called the theory of observation. It would be counted as a model for the philosophies of with a logico-historical approach. Following the purpose, the author has explained technical terms such as research method, theory, approach, attitude, project, scientific field, reality, logical approach, historical approach, the philosophy of sciences, the philosophy of reality, first degree knowledge, second degree knowledge and nature of philosophy. He, then, has described the philosophies of in detail and declared the necessity for establishing a logico-historical philosophy of.

The principle of ‘a being of the simplest essence’, basitulhaqiqah, is one of the most important one in transcendent philosophy upon which has been based the solution of many complicated and difficult problems. Now a question appears as: can the principle form a proof for the simplicity of the Necessary? In the paper, the principle has been analyzed and its background presented. Then it has been shown that the application of it for the purpose mentioned would lead to reasoning in circles. Finally a new explanation of the principle according to Sadra’s fundamental principles has been presented.

Farabi has described the problem of emanation with negative determiners and referred to the first intellect as the first case of emanation. For him, the appearance of multitude by intellect is described on a dual order; though the way of description is not accepted by the philosophers before him, specially by Avicenna. Farabi links the old physics to the problem of emanation and, therefore, in most of his writings limits the number of intellects to ten and says: in each of the intellects, from the first to the ninth, one intellect and one heavenly sphere occurs; the tenth, however, runs the universe under the moon. Contrary to what has been viewed by some, no disagreement can be found in Farabi’s different works in the ground. When explaining the problem, he has been under the influence of Plotin and, therefore, his view is formally similar to Plotin’s. Nonetheless, never can Farabi be regarded as a pure imitator; he has changed Plotin’s view deeply. Some of his special points can be counted as: using physics in metaphysics, using religious teachings, relying on dual form, considering different meanings of intellect and special manner of study.

Deep thinking on the tradition and analyzing other tradition dealing with knowledge of human soul distinguish this proof from those of philosophers and theologians.Availability, unity of the path and the follower and, most particularly, its being intuitive enter the follower to an objective state and, contrary to conceptual proofs, leads him/her to the presence of God. Again, this traditional proof provokes the follower to self-purification in such a manner that he/she threads Divine way. Studying the traditions on knowledge of human soul and reasonable studies of Muslim scholars and their different approaches might be useful in the ground.

There has been presented different views on spiritual intelligence. In this paper some considerations on the views, the findings of some studies on the effects of spiritual intelligence in individual and social life, its place in religious teachings, some of its qualities and methods of supporting and its distinction with common intelligence have been studied.

Human knowledge because of its limitation and imperfection fails to be considered as a basis for ethics. Otherwise, human happiness would not occur. In this way, the important part of religion in the field is clear. The sacredness of ethics, the signification and guarantee of ethical orders and presenting ethical examples can be counted as different dimensions for this relationship. Ethical system originated from interaction of religion and ethics is founded on religious ontology and anthropology. As is understood by the system the world of existence is governed by the Will and Foresight of Wise and Knowledgeable God. Furthermore, man is such an everlasting being that his/her spiritual personality is based upon his/her morality and action. On this cosmology and anthropology, ethics can provide the ground for human happiness in here and afterlife.

The word faith, religiously considered, has different meanings. Its general application in the sense of living based on Divine religion absolutely and more general than the function of the parts of human body that makes the essence of faith. In a particular application, it means hearty affirmation called the head of faith by which is established the essence of faith. The application of faith in other religious actions is accepted for their being religious and establishing a part of faith. Knowledge and understanding are counted the parts of faith and the grounds for hearty affirmation. Affirmative faith appears in special mental states such as love, resignation, confidence and satisfaction; it is the reason why some scholars have studied faith in an emotional approach.