HORIZONS OF SECURITY
Year:2013 | Volume:6 | Issue:18|Papers Count:10

The social and political developments in the contemporary world and human achievements in the field of technology have made a new kind of conflict as “soft war”. In other words, capacities of perceptional and persuasive impact for changing behavior and structure of society are changed into one of the most successful methods of conflict that is more effective than military war. But the complexity of the conflict and its denial by some institutions that are designers of backstage has created doubts among the elite. This article attempts to explain theoretical-functional approaches through objectivation of soft war. Therefore, first we compare between impact of hard and soft war. Then, we analyze functional approaches at trends of soft war against Islamic Republic of Iran in the political, economic, social and cultural fields. In this research, we examine some political approaches including; “depth-oriented” and “Huntingtonian” Theories, social approach derived from the ideas of Gene Sharp , an economic approach based on the theory of “ smart power “ and cultural approach drawn from the theory of “artistic power” have used in this article.

This article that is result of a national project in one of the supervisory organizations in Islamic Republic of Iran, attempts to introduce a good model of organizational culture based on religious and revolutionary values. Therefore, it has been studied concept of organizational culture, characteristics, affecting factors of formation, functions of organizational culture as well as the relationship between organizational culture with organizational function and management tasks, individual behaviors, structure, job satisfaction and strategy and organizational climate. Then, we will plan a model of organizational culture based on a combination of models of Robbins, Dennison and Schein. And we’ll also use the views of scientists such as Lewin, Mintzberg, Westley, Greenwood and Hingenz In addition to the Imam’s statements and supreme leader of Iran about special position of Maximal jurisprudence and forth article of the constitution that are taking advantage of the vast Shiite jurisprudence, it is explained necessity to address the jurisprudence in organizational culture,definition of jurisprudence in organizational culture, perspective of organizational favorite culture and its principles. Finally, we’ll present the conceptual framework of the model based on four aspects; wisdom and futures study, revolutionary piety, organizational integrity and aspect of organizational loftiness.

The present research examines some implications for emergence of the new middle class in Iran. This class is recognized primarily by the characteristics of urbanization, new employment and education. With the implementation of the modernization program in early 1370s, their position are given a higher rank more and more that have had consequences for Islamic Republic of Iran. Some demands of this class are consist of social aspect (further citizen’s rights, further participation for decision-making, expanding urbanization, greater prosperity, rising living standards and so on). At cultural aspect, expanding mass media and raising its influential index in society and development of new cultural values are theirs consequences. Gradually over the past two decades, it has been created a gap in the security aspect between the new middle class and existing political system. This class can be converted to a full-fledged political force because of availability of the situation. The political system must find a mechanism for accountability to their rising claims in order to prevent further political and social tensions. Otherwise, this class gradually becomes a security issue and a real threat.

War and peace have always been the key concepts of international relations theories and explained the international system. Realism and liberalism have had various ontological perspectives on formation of international system as well as war and peace. Islam has specific and different ontological approach towards international relations and role of war and peace in international system so that, as an alternative approach, can challenges perspectives underlying realism and liberalism theories. This paper examines war and peace in terms of Islamic theory of international relations compared to the two dominant paradigm of international relations i.e. realism and liberalism. Hypothesis is based on the belief that the two approaches of realism and liberalism introduce two fundamentally extreme (pessimistic and optimistic) perspectives about war and peace in international relations as a result of absolutism in their ontological foundations. because of rationality and equality in its ontological foundation, It appear that Islamic theory of international relations criticizes this vision. The research method is descriptive-analytical method, and tools for data gathering is based on the internet and library resources.

Central to achieve power and wealth of a country or a pole of large populations is the attainment of science and technology in order to reach the peaks of the “Knowledge and Innovation” and then the implementation and use of it in society where there is much historical backwardness among Muslim world and Muslims in this field. During recent decades, many scholars and researchers have done scientific studies and researches about causes of the Muslim backwardness in the field of science and technology, methods, and how to improve Muslims, which is our main research question. This paper introduce a model of “strategic roadmap” as well as specific proposals in the framework of macro strategies and policies. Then, it will be discussed as following: theoretical background about the relationship between power, national power, and domination based on science and technology; background-mining about advances in science and technology during the Golden Age of the Islamic World and two obvious examples: scientific causes of Muslim backwardness in science and technology; The existing state of science and technology in the Islamic world: and Summary and Conclusions.

Entry into the arena of human existence was faced with the dilemma of security, due to the fact that environmental factors and natural forces were the most important risk for the most essential human values. Because safety of human life is a familiar dilemma. But security depends on the operating conditions and forces like other social values and concepts into reality. It is a dynamic concept because of function of deep forces and theirs impact on the social environment. During the last few centuries, the collapse of the bipolar world and end of the Cold War have been milestones of human life that created dramatic changes in the security concept because of Change of international system’s structure, change of policies of the great powers and the entry of new players into the sphere of world politics, and the dramatic changes in the scientific field and globalization. The major changes need to rethink the conceptual and theoretical framework and new proposals in formal and substantial variations in concept of security. Accordingly, it was criticized the views of the mainstream theories of international relations towards security issues. Among the schools that take important steps in this direction, it was English school .this article try to examine various aspect of the school about subject of security.

Phenomenon of Smuggling is movement of goods and services form a place to another place illegally. This phenomenon was shaped under these situations such as rising transaction among geographical spaces and industrial growth and modernization of production and great commercial transportation between countries across the world. This process was recognized as incorrect phenomenon in view of national states at framework of internal, regional and international rules.Cause of smuggling result from the citizen needs that they can not acquire them formally and legally. Smuggling makes pressure and increases national costs because it wastes economical, social and cultural forces. With the formation of the phenomenon of smuggling in the country, theoretical issues associated with it was developed. Most theories in this field are theories commodity tariff such as theory of Jagdish Bhagwati and his colleagues. This paper examines theory of Jagdish Bhagwati and his colleagues as the most important theoretical work in the field of smuggling. The results of this study indicate that tariff rates on supply and demand is not a major factor in smuggling and other variables such as the needs of the citizens, the government is failing to meet these needs, the inability of domestic production in competition with the same products outside, conflict of nationally economic system with systems of regional and global level, the major share of the export sector relies on a goods, diversity of a country’s geographical environment, the difference between the share of employment in different regions of a country, the lack of dynamic and steady strategy of export or import are effective factors in smuggling.