ADAB PAZHUHI
Year:2011 | Volume:5 | Issue:15|Papers Count:8

Nima’s Ghooghnoos plays an essential role in the formation of Persian modern poetry, and besides its literary values, can be considered a turning point in Nima’s way of narrating that was so remarkably influential in the works of the poets to come.This article through combining some techniques of narratology and semiology, firstly performs a quantitative and qualitative investigation on the signs and codes of Ghoghnoos, and secondly, analyses the narrative elements of the poem. The results of the research negate the idea that Nima is totally a Romantic poet before writing Ghoghnoos and absolutely a Symbolist after that; meanwhile they prove that narratives of his latest poems are richer, more concise and more internalized.

Specialists of Discourse Analysis support their formal and lexical studies of literary texts with socio-cultural elements. Norman Fairclough analyses the texts in three levels of description, interpretation and determination. This method is very beneficial in discovering the writers’ perspectives as well as their socio-political approaches.This article, following Fairclough’s method, reads “Wandering-State Island” by Simin Daneshvar in order to show how the elements of identity, freedom, colonialism, wandering-state of modern man, tradition and modernity, and religion are significant  when considering the different layers of the novel; meanwhile the cohesive combination of these elements form the dominant discourse of Daneshvar’s novel which relates it to her other novels.

Since it came to being, the “City” has had wide relation with modern man, both as a friend and as an enemy. In turn, modern man has had different approaches toward the city which have been mirrored in contemporary poetry. This article takes the example of Arabic and Persian poetry to investigate the human relations to nature, social problems and values in the cities. Meanwhile it studies the Utopia as pictured in these poems to describe one aspect of the city’s presence in poetry.The article concludes that citizens adopt a paradoxical behavior: from one side they explicitly complain about the glittering of the cities and tend to get rid of them; from the other side they continue to live in cities and if possible to change it in the direction of their goals and ideals.

Decentring or isolation of the subject is one of the poststructural concepts which has affected the literary studies. In contrast to human subject who as an intellectual gives identity to the objects surrounding him, the poststructural subject has lost his position and is injured by isolation. Hedayat’s “Stray Dog” narrates the loneliness of a dog and deserves to be analyzed according to the semiology of decentring.This article demonstrates that all the codes of the dog’s life signify his isolated situation. When the dog is lost, he finds a new subject position, but he not only is unable to make any code-system to communicate with his master, but fails to decode the routine codes. This makes him so decentered that he has no other end than death.

Ferdowsi is the first Persian poet who under the influence of The Holy Quran and Avista has started his mathnavi with the name of God, and has followed the same pattern in most of the stories narrated by the charismatic kings and heroes of Shahname. The influence, both in structure and content, can be seen in the poems written after Shahname.This article performs a triple task concerning this opening line: first it examines its linguistic aspects (verse-form, meter, rhyme, phonological and syllabic functions, ambiguity of words and concepts, identical-word deletion, specific function of the verb bargozashtan (to go beyond); second, it focuses on the relation between the opening line and the poet’s way of thinking, (the triangle Name-Soul-Wisdom, as well as some of his thinking origins); third, it describes the literary function of the line (rhetorical values, foregrounding, diathesis, antinomy of some references concerning one pronoun, snobbery). Finally the opening lines of seventeen mathnavis are presented in order to show that among all, Shahname’s opening verse occupies the highest position.

The present article intends to find out if the novelist Hooshang Moradi follows the pattern of character growth stages as proposed by psychologist, Erik Erikson in creating his fictional characters, and if this is the case, what factors contribute in his successful characterization.  Play Age, School Age, and Adolescence are among the eight stages mentioned by Erikson which are significant in the stories of Moradi. According to Erikson, individuals, at Play Age are initiative, and interested in animals and toys; at School Age, they are in need of logical reasoning, social capability, and facing with crisis; and in Adolescence they are concerned with search for identity, assimilation, and identity crisis. It seems that Moradi takes into account these items while developing his characters.

In contrast to traditional literary criticism which was in search of correct and incorrect, structuralism is an approach that tries to discover the linguistic structures and semantic components of the text. Narratology, as one of the horizons of structuralism, studies any narrative at the two levels of “Story” and “Discourse”.The present article takes advantage of the ideas in narratology to analyze the Rostam and Sohrab. In this study, the examination of interrelated events, formation of crisis and the process of going beyond crisis, are performed by making use of the ideas of Tolan and Martin; the role of characters in text progress and their relation to narrative context is seen through the eyes of Greimas. Meanwhile, the article benefits from the “narrative perspective” of Fowler to assess the position of Ferdowsi as the narrator, his attitudes toward the characters and their influence on the narrative process.