Journal of Persian Language and Literature (University of Tabriz)
Year:2017 | Volume:69 | Issue:234 |Papers Count:11

The Iranian and Indian people from long time till here have been accepted as two nations with common culture and common ideas. This issue brings with itself originality of both. Both of Ramayana and Sivash come to existence based on this common culture. One of exact and important common part in these stories is similarity of action and characters features. In this paper with descriptive and analytical approach we tried to lunch new analysis based on characters and their action. With this approaches we come to this goal that characters like Siavoosh and Ram in faithfulness and Soodabeh and Keieki in deceitfulness and jealousy and hostility with son and also Kavoos and Jesret in hesitancy and Give and Hanooman in braveness and loneliness in front enemy and passing the water and Afrasyab in authority and hostility and Frangis and Sita in tangle of enemy and Kikhosroo and Loo and Kash in the way of their home and also Valmici in wisdom are all as same as each other.

Obeyd Zakani is the humor poet in the eighth century whose the humorous tales of poet are sarcasm in Resaleh Delgosha, in order to show the social, political conditions of time. Theory of "meaning image of humor" of Victor Raskin is the main movement on the contrary with the traditional classification theory. This theory is the threshold of linguistic and semantics in the humorous reign that has influenced on the later models and theories such as that of Robert Lew's .For him, the linguistics humor is out of linguistics and there is some illusion forming the linguistics features in the phonetic, vocabulary and rhetorical region and Obeyd Zakani has used some humorous means either linguistic (expression humor) and non-linguistic (situation humor) in Resaleh Delgosha. Therefore, this study aims to introduce Robert Lew's Model to assign the humorous tales of Obeyd Zakani's Resaleh Delgosha due to theoretical form in 355 tales of Resaleh Delgosha concluding that theoretical form is able to analyze the humorous tales of Obeyd Zakani's Resaleh Delgosha.

The mythical trips of the world have special structures that differentiate it with other kinds of the trips. The structure of those trips have different practical modes. The characters and transportation vehicles are two important practical factors, which help the realization of the trips with their magical power. There are many trips in shahname, which match the structure of universal mythical trips and some trips, which do not match them. This article aims at comparing the stories of shahname up to the end of Alexander’s story with the other mythical stories. The similarities and differences of these stories have analyzed.

Studying the ancient texts can help us to obtain some information on new terms that could make us familiar with different aspects of our past life. The existence of the sometimes complex terms could face researchers with problems in understanding the exact meanings of different works of Persian literature; since due to lack of accurate information on how they work, it does not seem easy for a modern audience of poetry and prose to understand these terms. In the meantime, lexicographers’ report does not resolve any problems due to incomplete information and sometimes due to confusing information in this regard.The game of Backgammon is one of these kinds of terms. Using the inductive method and precise readout, the present research intends to study great works of poetry and mysticism to analyze the complexities and subtleties of this game. Research results show that except for Ibn Yamin and Khaghani fewer poets had mastered this game. Moreover, the frequency of these terms is used for rare and new purposes.

The world and its way in the works of Khaghani Sharwani, the great speaker of the Persian literary class, is a remarkable reflection. As a profound scholar, he portrays the true face of the world in his writings and writings. In expressing this view, Khaghani has used the belief in Iranian religion and the thought of the school of mysticism and Sufism and a view derived from the Religious orders. Khaghani describes the nature of the world and its nature by exploiting the evil face of Zeravan with such traits as: the harsh world, the awkward world, the unspeakable world, the ambitious, and the ecliptic. In the savage believer of Shervan, the world is so worthless that it throws a dirty soil and teaches and advises others to recognize the true image of the world and do not despise it. Speaker Dinard Sharwani knows that the turning of the time, by the command of the mighty God, cannot be self-sufficient, and that it should not be wronged by the wheel.

Akbar Exir, an Azari born in Astara, Iran, a satirist is one of the literary scholars and poets who has introduced a non-rhythmic neither rhyming verse into the literary market which is categorized as a part of modern literature called Faranou (Ultra-modern) poetry, considering two essential global elements pace and technology to make ancient Persian literature appeal to young contemporary readers. To achieve so, he has utilized satire, the most influential literary term in his works. His poetry consists of satire which has always been a critical but reformist stimulus. For the sake of satire in his Ultra-modern poetry which revolves around brevity, Exir has cunningly selected a variety of figures of speech such as multiple meaning, taxis, pun, deviation and paradox in an invisible unforced way to create a multi-layer poetry which can appeal to various public or scholar addresses in the simplest way. The introduction of Faranou poetry and its features and the analysis of its wit and comic play from literary and local points of view has been the most simulative reason of writing this descriptive- analytical article which also leads to a better recognition of the poet’s literary work.

"Journey heroism" is phase that each character spending throughout his/her live. This metamorphosis and changing is as result of changes in their personality and life situation that in mystical insight it is called the final stage of spirituality and in psychological ideas is named individuality which the hero by passing of mental process achieves to final stage of spirituality.In the twentieth century Simultaneous with the evolution in reading of literary works, psychological theories with purpose of representation of how the characters of stories were developed that cause the process one of this theories is classic theory of “the inner Hero's Journey" which Carol Pearson and Hioki Kimmar present it by combining the votes of Jung with mythological theories. According this idea hero's Journey to achievement to individuality also while he is passing three phase facing with twelve ancient pattern that passing every one of them is important role in achievement to his perfection.The story of "Gonbad e firuzeh" (turquoise dome) is one of seven story The Seven Beauties(Haft Peykar) of Nizami Ganjavi that can be studying according with criticism of ancient pattern of the inner Hero's Journey. In this story, according with criticism of ancient pattern presented by Pearson and Hioki Kimmar; hero Mahan after passing the ordinary world lands to unknown world that result of this is metamorphic character that is manifested in Khidr. So in this article, we try to the matching process through the various stages hero related to pattern presented by Pearson and Hioki Kimmar; at same time reviewing this phase in Mahan Kooshya story, and level of adaptation as well as roles of each Character every story based on criticism of ancient pattern of the inner Hero's Journey.

Non-verbal communication is a way to establish communication among us. In this type of communication, the verbal element is not involved in the transmission of the message. Non-verbal communication is so effective which sometimes becomes even more important than verbal communication. Our belletrists have long been familiar with how to apply this method of transmitting messages in order to transfer moral and educational values Sa'di is one such belletrist who has paid special attention to this method in his book Golestan. This descriptive-analytical article which aims to better understand the link between non-verbal communication and education in Sa'di’s Golestan, tries to identify types of non-verbal communication in Golestan. Therefore, non-verbal communication is classified into seven categories: body language and behavior, appearance (cry, laugh, look, anger, and beauty), sounds, symbols and signs, flavors, perfumes and odors and were analyzed accordingly. The result of this research shows that this method is used consciously in Sa'di’s Golestan to transmit ethical and educational messages.

Text correction is one of the most important research topics in ancient literature studies that may be known as the proper basis and foundation of other researches. This will be more important in relation to the great poets' works. One of the clear proofs to this case is Divan-e Afzalaldin Badil Khaqani Shervani, the sixth century peerless poet. Although there have been three known publications of Divan-e Khaqani, and also attempts to rub off the Divan from wrong records, there are still some errors in the text. The researchers have paid much attention to the first part of the Divan, the odes, and less to the second part. So the present paper tries to correct scientifically and critically some couplets of the second part based on new points of view.