Iranian Journal of Biosystems Engineering
Year:2018 | Volume:49 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:16

Predicting the tire rolling resistance is an important issue in Agricultural Engineering, therefore, estimates it in different terms of vehicle performance is necessary. One of the rolling resistances predicting ways is to use models which are presented for pressure sinkage treatment of soil. In this study, the coefficient of each model has determined using MATLAB software, and then a comparison was made between them using two standards of correlation coefficient and root mean square error. The results showed that the Upadhyaya’ s model with average Coefficient of determination of 0. 9175 and average root mean square of 69. 6211 has better accuracy in different moisture contents and bulk density. Also Gotteland and Benoit’ s model with average Coefficient of determination of 0. 7237 and average root mean square of 129. 071 has less accuracy in predicting of sinkage value.

In this research, the ability of the reflectance near-infrared (NIR) spectrometry was investigated for non-destructive assessment of the sugar content of sugar beet roots. To this end, spectrometry of 120 samples of sugar beet was performed in the interactance measurement mode within the spectral range of 350-2500 nm using a contact probe. Spectral data obtained from the spectrophotometer included unwanted information and noise in addition to the information about the samples. In order to arrive at accurate analytical models, pre-processing of the spectral data was required prior to regression model simulation. For this purpose, multivariate calibration models of partial least squares (PLS) were developed based on the reference measurements and the information of the preprocessed spectra. A combination of different methods for assessment and prediction of sugar content was employed: smoothing, normalizing as well as increasing the spectral resolution. Prediction of the sugar content of intact samples with the PLS model based on SG + D2, had the best discrimination ability. Thus, SG+D2 preprocessing (R_C^2=0. 973, RMSEC = 0. 306, R_P^2= 0. 977, RMSEP = 0. 265) is suitable for predicting beet root sugar content with high accuracy (SDR= 6. 660).

One of the best ways for recycling is the Producing of vermicompost from municipal waste. Worms optimal separation of organic material after finishing process increases the rate of decomposition of waste by composting worms placed. To design and build a system for induction heating the substrate in a controlled vermicompost fertilizer which leads to separation worms from bed and does not get hurt, the thermal parameters manure vermicompost is the essential. The method of mixtures and hot wire as a heating source was used for measuring the specific heat and thermal conductivity of vermicompost, respectively. The measurements were done at 40, 50, 60 and 70º C temperature levels and 20, 30, 40 and 50% (w. b) moisture content levels. The specific heat of vermicompost increased from 1. 6537 to 3. 5236 kj/kg° C, with increase in the experimental temperature and moisture content levels. The thermal conductivity of vermicompost increased from 0. 1054 to 0. 9163 wm-1° C, with increase the temperature and moisture content.

Use of mechanization in milking operation can decline time required and costs and improve milking performance. Hand milking, as a most common milking method in Iran, was slightly considered regarding to performance and cost evaluations. Therefore, in present study, hand and mechanized (stanchion barn and tandem parlor) cow milking methods in terms of milking performance and cost. Performance characteristics comprised technical milking performance and milking extraction rate. One-kilogram milking cost was estimated considering to fixed and variable costs of milking. SPSS 16. 0 was used for statistical analysis. Results showed that tandem milking method was higher than hand and stanchion milking methods about five times. Milking extraction rate in mechanized method (stanchion and tandem integration) with 1. 7 Kg per minute was about 90% higher than hand milking method. Tandem milking costs was about two times higher than other two methods.

In recent years, the use of ultrasound is increasing due to its effectiveness in different food processing operations. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of two ultrasound frequencies as a pretreatment on oil uptake during deep-fat frying of potato strips and to determine the optimal time to use these waves. In this study, ultrasound waves were used at frequencies of 28 and 40 kHz, separately and in combination, for 30 min. The use of ultrasound at both the frequencies, separately and in combination, reduced oil uptake. So that, the use of ultrasonic waves with a frequency of 40 kHz for 30 minutes showed the highest reduction in oil uptake by 23. 19%. In addition, oil uptake was modeled as a function of time, moisture content, density and shrinkage. Several models were also proposed as a function of frying temperature, frying time, frequency and ultrasound time.

The present research examined the study of the laboratory the effects of dew formation and humidity on the parameters mono crystalline and polycrystalline silicon solar panel. To create statuses dew formation equipped test lab device performance solar panel systems to environmental monitoring temperature and relative humidity. were evaluated this study dew formation of air relative humidity of 45, 60 and 75 percent at 25 degrees Celsius temperature on the surface the panel. The results showed that dew formation on the surface of the solar panel increases the performance parameters relative to humid weather conditions. The effects of the type of silicon panel and the relative humidity of ambient were very significant (p <0. 01) on almost all functional parameters of the solar panel. By increasing the amount of dew covering on the panel surface, the functional parameters decreased linearly. The effect of temperature on the performance parameters was much higher than the air humidity. In general, the efficiency of a mono-Si solar panel in the conditions of relative humidity in the range of 45% to 75% resulted in 13. 74% to 8. 43% for mono-Si panel and 11. 38% to 8. 1% percent for a poly-Si, respectively.

One of the Major and complicated problems of human that is the result of non-logical activity and consumption is production of solid disposals in various qualities and amounts. But there is a need of modern management systems for solving these problems and its adverse hygienic and environmental effects. Recycling is one of the sustainable solutions in solid waste management. However, recycling has environmental and economic benefits. Finding the best location for waste recycling is very important for the proper implementation of operations, which irreparable damage will be entered into the scheme by inaccurate study. The aim of this study is to provide a framework for decision making techniques and PSO using geographic information systems (GIS), to identify potential sites for establishing waste recycling station in Karaj, Iran. This study led to identification of 20 effective criteria in locating recycling station and also determining the allowable boundaries. Five areas were identified as prone recycling stations using PSO method. Finally, two of the five regions were selected as the optimal locations of recycling stations using PROMETHEE method.

By installation of rake angle changeable mechanism on single chisel plow frame, prediction for optimizing performance of chisel blade had available. The dependent parameters which considered as mainly treatment were three levels for soil moisture content (0. 5 PL, 0. 7 PL, 0. 9 PL), three levels of rake angle (20° , 30° , 40° ) and three levels for forward speed (3, 5, 7 km. h-1) in vs. eight independent parameters include of draft, tractor fuel consumption, driver wheel slip, soil mean weight diameter, cone index, soil disturbance area, soil upheaving area and specific draft had related together in linear multiple regression in three independent equations. The data mining was performed by split split plot in completely randomized. Hence, the best moisture, tine rake angle and forward speed was predicted as 0. 8 PL, 36 degree and 5 km. h-1, respectively. Therefore, the minimum magnitude of slip, soil cone index, minimum draft force and fuel consumption were obtained.

Currently, chickpea harvest is carried out manually. Therefore, in this study a chickpea harvest machine was designed, fabricated and evaluated. The header of this machine has bush stripping fingers and pods separate from the bushes by standing in between the fingers. Fingers’ angle, Fingers’ length, distance of the fingers from each other, forces applied to the fingers, cleaning cogs and the suction system were from the most important design parameters. Farm evaluations were carried out in four different speeds: 2. 5, 3. 5, 4. 5, 5. 5 Km/hr and the amount of loss related to remained pods on the bushes (Pd) and losses related to spilled pods on the ground (Pr) were measured. Results showed that, with increasing forward speed, the amount of both types of losses, at first decreased and then increased. The minimum amount of Pd losses and Pr losses were 1. 58% and 2. 71% respectively which were obtained in the forward speed of 4. 5 km/hr. Also, field evaluations have proven that this machine can perform harvest operations with a minimum forward speed of 1. 5 times and a maximum of 2. 04 times compared to previous gleaning mechanisms and with a permissible loss of less than 5%.

The aim of this study was to identify similar areas of physiography and climatic potential of walnut in Baft city. Logistic regression and discriminant analysis were used for the purpose of classifying of study area using a set of predictor variables to find the suitable areas to grow walnut. For this purpose, environmental conditions affecting walnut trees used included Annual Mean Temperature, Annual Precipitation, Precipitation of Driest Month, Precipitation of Wettest Month, Elevation, Slope Gradient and Aspect. 70% of the data, as training data and the remaining 30%, are used as model validation data. Using probit logistic regression and discriminant analysis, the effect of variables used on walnut in Baft County was calculated and then map of walnut was calculated. The results showed effect of physiographic and climatic variables on walnut. The results of validation data set in this study showed that probit logistic regression with 75% and discriminant analysis with 86% able to accurately explain the favorable areas for walnut cultivation. Suitable physiographic areas and climatic potentials for planting walnut trees are located in the central, northern, and northwestern regions of Baft area.

The aim of this study was to identification and explanation of executive steps of conservation agriculture (CA) development in Iran. First, 23 semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts from the CA based applied research and delivery HUB and CA technical committees in nine leading provinces of Iran. By using qualitative content analysis, 23 sub-step in the form of six main steps at the national level and 32 sub-step in the form of nine main steps at the local level were identified for CA development. Then, Fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) was used to achieve a consensus among the experts about steps and screening results of the first phase. At national level, there was considerable consensus among experts about ''formulation national budget for CA development'', ''studying experiences of leading countries in the field of CA development'' and ''feasibility of implementing CA in each region of country''. At local level, there was considerable consensus among experts about ''financing of CA development executive plans, ''providing after-sales service by CA equipment manufacturers'', ''providing expert consultations to farmers on CA farm management'' and ''establishing CA research and extension sites in the pioneer's farms and implementation of research and extension programs in this sites''.

In this study chitosan and gallic acid nanogels is producted and three concentration 0، 100، 200ppm were added to sunflower oil mayonnaise The prepared samples stored for 60 days. particle size determined. Acidi number، peroxide valu، oven shal، measuring carotenoid and Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectrometry analysis was investigate. Acidi number and peroxide valu increased during storage time increase in control sample was more than other samples and in 200 ppm sample was lower than rest. In oven Shal test peroxide valu increase during storage time but the increase in the control sample was more than other. Amount of carotenoids in all samples decreased but in control sample carotenoids decrease was more than other samples. Among tree treatment, the sample containing 200 ppm nanogel and control sample had best and wrost results, respectively. The result showed that chitosan gallic acid nanogel could show good antioxidant properties.

TThe study was conducted using a randomized complete block experimental design with five treatments and four replications. Treatments were including: A) reduced tillage, B) wheat and corn direct seeding, C) corn direct seeding for four years, wheat direct seeding for the first two years and the fourth year, and conventional planting in the third year, D) wheat direct seeding for four years, corn direct seeding for the first two years and the fourth year, and conventional planting in the third year, and E) conventional tillage. Results showed that conservation tillage methods increased soil moisture retention (at most 25%) with respect to the conventional tillage but, they did not increase soil organic carbon. Conservation tillage methods especially direct seeding increased soil bulk density (at most 13%), and decreased soil accumulative filtration and infiltration rate (at most 25%). Meanwhile, tillage methods had no significant effect on corn yield for three growing seasons.

The aim of this research was assessing the sound and vibration exposure of user and comparing them with acceptable level of standards in ش roto-tiller Results showed that the hand and arm exposure to vibration was more than standard level and led to damages in muscles. The maximum level of vibration exposure was obtained during tilling and it was higher at the x direction than two other directions. The allowable using time of power tiller without sound isolator near the driver ear is less than 2 hours a day. This amount for those are in 7. 5 meters away was according to the national standard and for those are far from the work place have no negative effect.

A kind of fuzzy linear programming (FLP) model with fuzzy right hand side coefficients is presented in this study. This approach is applied to milk production system in some dairy cattle farms of Iran with the purpose of demonstrating optimization strategy in energy consumption. Based on the results of this study and the model for maximization of energy productivity index, we found the best and optimum herd sizes in each three classified farms (150 cows) as 73, 142 and 188 heads, respectively. Confronting the major problem of uncertainty in agricultural data, linear programming with fuzzy concept was taken into account. Following the mentioned purpose, it is realized that FLP is an easy and fl exible approach that can be used for energy planning problems and moreover it is a serious competitor for other confronting conventional optimization approaches, i. e. linear programming.