PLANT AND ECOSYSTEM
Year:2011 | Volume:7 | Issue:27|Papers Count:9

Genus Glaucium Mill. belongs to Papaveraceae. In this genus, 25 species was reported in the world. Iran has about 13 species, 3subspecies and 2 variety and it is one of the important country for diversity of these plants.to Identify the taxa in this genus, we used valid floras and references such as, Flora Iranica, flore de liran, flora orientalis, flora of U.S.S.R, flora of Turkey, flora of Iraq, flora of Europe, flora of France, Engler’s Book and Vegetation of Iran. In these references and floras, in parts of key and description of species, morphological characters were used, while there are many species that similar together. In many parts of identification’s key, there are also numerical overlap in many of charasters and it cased difficult in plant’s identification. Recent research based on these references and results of comparative anatomy between members of this genus, the qualities, quantities characters and numerical taxonomy was done. It presented a new key of identification of Glaucium in Iran. These studies on samples in Herbarium of Iran and fresh speciman were done.

Bashagard region with 1,563,319 hectars area located in the East of Bandar Abbas in Hormozgan Province in 57, to 58, 30’ E and 26, to 27, N. In this study 280 Plant species were collected and introduced. These species belong to 65 families (2 family of Pterodophyte, 2 family of Angiospermae, 54 families of Dicotyledone and 7 families of Monocotyledone) and 196 genera. Among the recognized species, 22 species (7.8%) were endomic species of Iran. Compositae with 32 species, Papilionaceae with 30 species and Gramineae with 24 species are main families of this region. Studying the plants life forms by Raunkier method showed that Therophytes and Hemichryptophytes with 28 percent (80 species) of species are the most frequent life forms. Phanerophytes with 24 percent and Chamaephytes with 16 percent are other life forms. Geophytes with 3 percent (8 species) are less important. High percentage of Therophytes indicated that the area has dry and deserty climate. Investigation on geographical distribution of plants species showed that 30 percent (86 species) of species belong to Saharo- Sindian, 24 percent (67 species) to Irano-Touranian and 3 percent (9 species) to cosmic zones.

The aim of this study was the effect of drying method of plant on the quality and quantity of essential oil and indentification of its components. The plants were collected in early spring in Gilan province and were dried in two conditions, shade and dried, respectively. The essential oil of each plant was obtained by hydro distillation using a Clevenger apparatus. The obtained oils were analyzed GC and GC/MS. The chemical constituent of each oil was characterized by comparison of achievement mass spectra and relative indices with authentic references. Results showed that shade conditions, in addition to the increas of oil yield, the quality of its components, the amont of geraniol which is the most important constituent of distill composition of this plant its amount was reduced from 33.2% by drying in shade to 17.2% by drying in oven.

Herbal tea is one of the medical plants that used in folk medicine. Since environmental condition could affect on essential oil of plants in this research with measuring the climatic and edaphic characteristics we identified the chemical compounds on essential oil of Herbal tea in Markazi and Mazandaran provinces in full flowering stage. Based on the results in Markazi province, 54 and in Mazandaran province 43 compounds were identified on essential oil of Herbal tea. The same 7 compounds included Germacrene D, a-Pinene, b-Myrcene, b-Pinene, delta-Cadinene, Ocimene < (Z)>-beta-, Caryophyllene< (E)>. The results of the PCA test showed that 3 same compound including a-Pinene, b-Pinene and Germacrene D had the most variability in two studied areas. With respect to the effect of ecological factors to quality and quantity of essential oil and based on differences in climatic and edaphic measured factors a few reason of differences on essential oil in two studied areas refered to these factors.

Order to study the effects of nano-silver particles on salinity tolerance behaviors of germination stages of (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.); one invitro experiment was conducted factorially based on CRD with four replicates during autumn 2008. The nano-silver particles treatments and salinity concentrations levels consisted of: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg.kg-1 and 0, 30, 60, 90,120,150,180 mmol.l-1 respectively. For germination test, after treating by solutions, the disinfected seeds were placed on wattman paper in Petri-dish, and were located inside the germinator with 20oC. The number of germinated seeds were recorded twice a daily, in a 14 days period. The germination percentage, the length of rootlet and stem, were determined. The results showed that the 20 mg.kg-1 of nano-silver particles had the best effect on vigor, germination percentage and speed, fresh weight and the length of rootlet in germinator condition. There were significant differences among salinity treatments. In addition the treated seeds with 20 mg.kg-1of nano-silver particles showed the highest concentrations of germination percentage, germination speed, vigor of stem in greenhouse condition.

In this research the effects of lead toxicity on some of the physiological and biochemical traits in one safflower cultivars including Isfahan were studied. An experiment was carried out under sandy culture and 5 treatments (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 m M) and 4 replicate CRD. The result showed that Pb absorption goes up by increasing the level of Pb in growth environment and Pb accumulates in roots and its transport to the shoots was low. Dry weight of shoots significantly decreased in comparison to the control. Dry weight of roots, except in treatment of 100 m M, was significant in comparison to the control. Determination of the amount of proline indicated that the proline increased in roots significantly but their changes in shoots in treatment of 600 and 800 m M was significant in comparison to the control. The total chlorophyll and K+ in leaves significantly decreased with increasing Pb toxicity. Ca in leaves decreased with increasing Pb in growth environment except in treatment of 200 m M which was significant in comparison to the control. The Enzyme activity of peroxidaes in leaves increased with increasing Pb except in treatment of 200 m M which was significant in comparison to the control. Enzyme activity of catalase in leaves significantly decreased with increasing Pb toxicity. Pb tolerance associated with the Pb accumulation in roots, synthesis of proline and activation of antioxidant defense system.

In order to evaluate the water stress effects at silique formation stage on relative water content and some phonological and reproductive traits of Rapeseed cultivars, an experiment was carried out in a split plot design based on RCBD with four replications at field experimental of seed and plant improvement Institute, Karaj in 2005/6. In this experiment, irrigation treatments in two levels as main plot such as common irrigation based on 80 mm evaporation from class a pan and no irrigation from silique formation to end of growth and varieties as sub plots in 12 levels were studied. Results showed that water stress decreased total of evaluated traits exception of grain number in main stem siliques, significantly. Experimental varieties had significant variation in total evaluated traits. Also interaction of irrigation and variety had significant effect on grain filling duration, growth duration, silique in branches and relative water content traits. Results of mean comparison of irrigation and variety interactions showed that Opera and Zarfam cultivars had highest relative water content in water stress conditions at terminal growth stages, they also had highest grain yield and indicated as cultivars with satisfactory sustainable yield in water stress conditions at silique formation and after it.

Cytogenetic variation of Rosa damascena Mill. Of Isfahan, Semnan, Ilam and Gilan was evaluated. Chromosomal analyses were carried out at mitotic metaphase in root meristemic zone of roots. Image analysis system and Micro measure software were used to karyotype providing and cytogenetic parameters measurement. Data was collected and analysed using a completely randomized design with three replications. Results showed significant differences (P<%1) among accessions for some parameters, such as short arm (SA), Centromeric Index, arm ratio (AR), Intra asymmetry chromosomal index (A1) ,total form percentage (%TF) and relative length of long and short arms. Using principal components analysis, the first three independent components accounted over 98% of variations. The first principal component indicated that short arm (SA), arm ratio (AR), intra symmetry chromosomal index (A1) and total form percentage (%TF) were appropriate parameters to classify accessions with 51% of total variations. Long arm percentage (%LA) and short arm percentage (%SA) were important traits in second component at %24 level. Total length (TL) was important trait in third component at 22% level.

In this investigation the effects of Zinc excess and it’s interaction with ascorbic acid on photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes activity of Catalase, Peroxidase and Ascorbate peroxidase in Brassica napus (cv.Hyola) were studied. Seedlings were treated with Hougland nutrient solution (control), excess Zn concentration (50, 100, 250, 500, 700 mm) and also same concentration with 1mm ascorbic for two weeks. According to the results with Zn, increase photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids) decreased significantly in comparison to control plants. Enzymes activity of catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase in shoots increased. In roots the increase of catalase activity was only evident. In the presence of ascorbic acid decreasing amount of photosynthetic pigments and increasing level of antioxidant enzymes activity were decreased. In Zn concentration of 250, 500, 700 mm chlorosis signs observed especially on apical leaves. In 700 mm from 8th day of treatment apical leaves started necrosis. But in the presence of ascorbic acid, Brassica napus tolerate zinc excess concentration. On the other hand ascorbic acid decreased Zn toxicity and promoted the plant resistance.