Journal of Historical Researches
Year:2016 | Volume:51 | Issue:4 (28) |Papers Count:7

The role of Muslims in cultural changes in Kashmir can be investigated based on Persian local history references and Tazkereh in 11th and 12th century. Although the influence of Islam in Kashmir began since the 8th century, the capacities of this region concluded the arrival of Iranian immigrants and subsequently, it was provided the opportunity for the expansion of Islam and mythical thoughts. For this reason, Kashmir could be considered to be ' ' Iran Minor" as the result of the great impact of Iranian groups in this region. The present article argues that such groups had various thoughts and even contrast ones. The presence of such groups led to the dominance of Iranian– Islamic culture, remarkably Persian language and literature in Kashmir. This study endeavors to examine the effective role of Iranian immigrants to Kashmir in political and mythical fields in this region from 8th to 11th century based on references of local history and Tazkareh with descriptive- analytical approach.

Scythian tribes, one of the most significant tribes in the first millennium B.C, had a main role in historical and archaeological studies. In Median era, such tribes arrived at Iran and took the control of north- western territories of Iran for a short time. The field studies of archaeology have the fundamental role for researches on Scythian tribes. Recently, one of the most important documents of the historical presence of Scythian tribes has been founded through an archaeological excavation in Khoram Abad cemetery of Meshgin Shahr in Ardebil province. This study endeavors to investigate the presence of Scythian tribes in Iran based on archaeological data and historical studies. The outcome of archaeological researches, which are related to Scythian burial and the importance of horse burial with the specific objects as the gift for the Scythian nobles, confirms the narratives of Herodotus. Based on his reports, the Scythian had the splendid funeral and they took the control of the western territories of Asia. Such narratives have been doubtfully regarded by some researchers. These outcomes can be compared with other ones in Scythian burial in different sites of the world.

By the mid– ninth century, the cultivation of opium was not prevalent as the result of domestic consumption. In the ninth century, the economic global changes led some products i.e. opium to become economical goods in countries like Iran. Subsequently, this change had impact on some economic conditions of this period including land owing and employment. The lucrative trade of opium and poppy concluded that the Iranian merchants and wealthy princess purchased land for cultivation of such products. Consequently, a new class of landowner was formed. This issue caused a significant increase in land price and also land was considered to be a capital goods. In employment field, the growth of opium cultivation concluded the employment of more labors for accumulation of this product in large scale. Subsequently, the wages of these labors were paid in cash. Such issue led to the enhancement in the relations between employer and employee. The present study tries to investigate the commercialization of opium and its effects on land status and occupational relations in Qajar era based on historical references with analytical- descriptive approach.

The defeat of Sasanian in Nahavand led Yazgird III (632_651A.D), the last sovereign of this dynasty, to take refuge in the eastern territories of Iran. He made alliance with Iranian aristocrats to restore the control of his lost lands, however he did not succeed. The son of Yazgird, piruz, and the Iranian aristocrats took refuge in the court of tang, which was located in China after the death of Yazgird. They continuously endeavored to release Persia from the control of Arabs by alliance with Chinese, Sogadians and thokhtariyans, however their attempts failed. This article tries to present a clear narrative from last Sasanians in Thakharestan, China and Japan by criticizing the available information in early Islamic and Pahlavid texts, Chinese and Japanese historical reports, archaeological studies in China and recent researches.

The crime can be defined as inappropriate behavior and illegal action. The illegality is prevalent in all cultures during the history. This essay endeavors to determine the typology of economic crimes and their reasons, remarkably the role of government as one of the important reasons in Naseri period. Considering the importance of this period in general and notably for economic crimes, this research is based on library studies, historical documents and statistical analysis with analytical approach. Statistics on economic crimes in Naseri period indicate that the murder withe 58.7% and opium addiction with 0.2% had in order the highest and lowest rate in this period. The government had a great influence on the growth of economic crimes, however, it was the sole system to sentence the criminals. In other words, the government had the paradoxical role for mentioned issue in Naseri period.

From the foundation of Sasanian Empire in 224A.D, the hostile policies were employed toward Rome Empire by Ardishir Babakan, who was the first sovereign of this dynasty in Iran. Although the backgrounds of such policies could be found in Arsacid era, Ardishir Babakan made an ideological existence of this hostile relations in order to restore the territories of his ancestors, which had been taken by Rome Empire. This issue eliminated the possibility of agreement between two empires. Consequently, the relations between these empires were based on ongoing wars, however, the fifth century can be regarded as a peaceful period for such relations. The present study endeavors to investigate effective factors in foreign policy between Rome Empire and Sasanian Empire in the 5th century based on library studies with analytical - descriptive approach. The outcome of this research reveals that the peaceful period in the relations of these empires was under the influence of some reasons such as instability of Sasanian Empire, the hostility in the eastern territories and the invasion of nomad tribes in the northern territories of Rome Empire.

The royal Bank of Kermanshah, established in 1902 A.D and managed by Louis Robin, was one of the branches of such banks. The main function of such bank was granting of loans and transferring the funds. The ordinary people could use such services by valid guarantee and bail on house. This essay tries to analyze the function and the economic and social effects of royal bank in Kermanshah province based on documents and library references with the descriptive– analytical approach. The outcome of this study reveals that such bank had negative long term consequences despite of its positive effects on economic expansion in Kermanshah. The merchants faced the bankruptcy and the loss of their capitals due to their inability for paying the debts of loans. Consequently, the bank developed its indirect influence in this strategic province by the confiscation of Merchant's lands. Furthermore, the bank caused social irreparable damages by supporting its Iranian employees and their inappropriate actions. This issue not only concluded that Iranian people to take foreign nationality in order to take advantages of foreign countries' support but also led to the cultural identity crisis because of the presence of England and foreign commodities.