Geography
Year:2016 | Volume:14 | Issue:50|Papers Count:25

The most important impacts of rural sprawl can be pursued in land use changes. Such a phenomenon has led to degradation and loss of agricultural lands and Scattered and detached growth of non-agricultural constructions; So that over time the land available for agricultural and horticultural activities in rural areas has reduced immensely.This article tries to identify and analyze the consequences of rural sprawl and intensity of land use changes in periurban area of Hamadan during 1995-2015.The Area includes 24 rural settlements within 10km. radius of the City, each with an average population of 2800. The research results show due to sprawl, a total of 70% of transformation in rural land uses were related to irrigated and garden lands.

Precipitation is one of the most important weather elements which variability in it can lead to risks such as flood and famine. This study concentrated on features of precipitation using Kriging Interpolation, regression, partial and total correlation to reach a clear result about spacetime distribution of precipitation for the entire zone. This study also uses daily precipitation data of 1436 synoptic, climatologic, and pluviometry stations in the period between 1340-1389 applying descriptive and analytical statistic techniques. The average annual precipitation was 251.8 mm.The results showed that the relationship between partial correlation coefficient with spatial parameters in the entire zone, and the roles of height and latitude were crystal-clear in space distribution of precipitation.However, the longitude had less important role in this part. Also in terms of time, winter as the rainy season had the most amount of precipitation (44.7 %) in the entire zone. The most coefficient variability was related to the winter (37.2 %) and the spring (31 %). The less coefficient was related to the summer (8.3%) and the fall (22.7%). So, according to climate change and inappropriate use of the earth source, inconsistency in time-space distribution was clearly seen.

Soil is of the main naturall resources of countries that by erosion reduce the land resources and caused great damage to life and property. So today, with the current trend, Soil erosion has become a major environmental problem, to follow, biological and planing systems, especially local communities in less develop Societies faced with fundamental challenges. Accordingly, soil erosion and sediment study, especially, considering the influence of multiple environmental variables, and with a sestematic approach at the Watershed level is essential. With this approach in this study, soil erosion hazard assessment and mapping is done. The research methodology combines methods including library, field Work and the use of quantitive models has been erosion.in the process of research, to evaluate the role of variables and increase accuracy, EPM quantitative model based on a statistical basis, as well as in the GIS environment, it has been used. Results indicate that the Bane Watershed, with the annual special erosion and sediment, respectively, 1241, 744 m3/ Km2/year, is situated in averge level of erosion. Check zoning map also indicates erosion zones with low and moderate erosion is 68%. However, it is also quite obvious evidence of high erosion zones. Notable point, high potential of the Bane Watershed, to change the class of erosion and sediment, Especially in recent years, due to, Bane development of the tourism market, in the following, physical development Bane and changes in land use, with the aim of creating recretional spaces or agricultural development. So, sustainable Watershed approach in relation to development projects along with the educational process and promote essential.

"Power" and "sovereignty" is considered to be one of the key and basic concepts in political and philosophical thoughts. Since Homer, s era (classical) this concept has been regarded by many scholars. There is relationship between two concepts of power and sovereignty, therefore in this article has been effort not only investigate this problem, but also reply to this question: who has power and which key elements exist in the governance? Also, who govern in the cities? Thus the range of any of its controversial effort to examine the evolution of the various courses. In the end, the conclusion has been reached. Also, the results have been showed that regime theory is the closest theory to urban governance’s |approach.

Lake Urmia as the world's twentieth largest lake, one of the most important and valuable aquatic ecosystems Iran Ast.hvzh watershed of the Lake of 52331 square kilometers, of which 5822 square kilometers of the lake itself.Unfortunately, due to climate change, environmental non-compliance with certain principles lake is disappearing.In this paper, applied research - libraryAnd using the lake level fluctuations due to rainfall statistics, Temperature changes, fluctuations in lake levels, surface inflows to the lake, time and number of dams operation to compare the effects of natural and non-natural factors are discussed in the lake water level changes. Finally, studies show that climatic factors have less impact than the abnormal factors. All the Lake Urmia divided into three distinct areas1) First area: With very little depth and a gentle slope and the estuary of the rivers feeding the lake (Siminehrood and Zarineh), while the fertile deposits at lower cost can be restored and converted into agricultural land Secnd area: The mid-range is As an environmentally sensitive area and planting trees capable of salt-friendly and resistant to dehydration and need to be controlled. The third area: Internal limits that prevent the complete destruction of the lake region of Azerbaijan serves as gutters.

The remarkably vast Imam Khomeini Airport city, which is located in the south of Tehran metropolis, boasts numerous and diverse tourist attractions.Given the potentials of this area for evolving into a new tourist destination and the necessity of certain activities and landuse for maximizing the efficiency and befitting from environmental advantages, a study of Imam Khomeini Airport city and its capabilities for the implementation of conventional functions, and subsequently the development of tourism activities of the Airport city was needed.For this purpose, 19 criteria categorized in 5 main classes were studied.The Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP) was employed for analyzing the data and the results pertaining to the localization of each function was fed to the ARC GIS software. Given the nature of the issue and the investigated criteria, this research has a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings indicate that formation of tourism will be feasible in the central part of the Airport city thanks to its potentials for public service and business functions. Meanwhile, rural tourism is expected to flourish in addition to cultural tourism in the right section of the studied area; and, ecotourism might be plausible in the southern areas of the Airport city which have the potentials of being used for recreation-sports purposes.

holding free and just elections and existence of political competition is taken into account as one of faces of democracy and legitimacy of political regimes that in the passing societies to democracy, it has dual importance. geography of elections to reach people’s maximum participation takes advantage of various and different tools and methods that one of them is effect of neighborhood or, in other words birthplace imagining. birthplace is a geographical variety that by means of residents’identity similarities in cultural, lingual, religious and historical dimensions, it has a type of unity of procedure in social and political action, thus continuation of words such as fellow – citizen, fellow – tribe, fellow -language, fellow – province and so on is a manifestation of sense of birthplace imagining. in proportion to the above definition, in Iran a variety of one or several homogeneous provinces from view of language and tribe reach to an unwritten agreement about a special candidate that support him and are usually taken into account as that part of his supportive base.This research seeks to investigate and analyze variable role of birthplace imagining (effect of neighborhood) in pattern of candidate’s vote of 11th period of presidential elections in Iran. Results of the research show, variable of birthplace imagining has had effect in pattern of vote of three candidates from six candidates, I. e., Mr. Rouhani, Rezaei, and Qalibaf and regarding Mr. Jalili, Velayati and Qarazi, it is not evident for reasons. The research method is descriptive – analytical and required information has been gathered based on library method and by referring to valid sources.

To study the changes and structure of daily precipitation synoptic Shiraz, long-term rainfall data for the period of 58 years (1956-2013) were used And based on quantitative analytical methods based on inductive and deductive trigonal calculations and univariate matrix with two outputs calculations were performed. By applying nonlinear criterions 58 year on the daily data temperature, rain and pressure the domain of input and output range is calculated, the results showed that although daily oscillations in pressure and temperature of the well-fractal structure follow, This that finding confirms the dynamics of two climatic parameters pressure and temperature Disequilibrium is the Nonequilibrium. However, that trend Shiraz daily rain in the range of 0.2 and 0.3 on the longitudinal axis of the fractal structure does not comply. So it should be used in the analysis of dynamics rain chaotic logic. Shiraz rain the dynamic to algebra simplex argument for the function Y=5.0123 x0.2315 with 97.98 percent correlation defined, that this function is Real reliability and trend; If the mentioned trend on each input and output data taken in the chaotic rotational structure function will be fixed on 139906.8 mathematical quantity. This implies chaotic rain system of the fluctuations of synoptic stations Shiraz. As a result of the structure rainy Shiraz from algebra chaos follows, In fact, the logic of chaos rainfall indicative of trend variable dynamics is the study of equilibrium to Nonequilibrium. The dynamic Nonequilibrium of pressure and temperature fractal Shiraz station complementary Disequilibrium at rainfall oscillational this station.

Lack of attention to ability of the cities environment and increasing of environmental problems is caused the formation of urban poor and uninhabitable areas. Therefore, by careful evaluation of them, many issues and problems can be identified and took action to solve them. In the present era, most cities have been faced with numerous problems. But the environmental dimension has been more challenging. Many urban professionals constantly seek to present effective solutions in order to prevent damage to the environment. livability is about the human requirement for social amenity, health and well-being and includes both individual and community well-being. Different definitions of viability Rooted in different conditions of geographical locations. Geographic locations have numerous properties and have different environmental conditions. The dimensions and indicators of viability for each locationshould be localizing. In this research, Region 17 of Tehran as the most problem area, was selected and is one of regions of southern Tehran; and the overall goal of this study is understanding the relationship between dimensions of viability, In this way we can find solutions for current problems.

Considering the development of tourism in the country, it is essential that the information and communication technology (ICT) in the promotion and development of tourism in the province of Ardabil and explain Vakvtvrysm. Because despite the attractions of Ardabil province diverse cultural, historical, religious and ecotourism, worthy place in the international arena in terms of revenue is tourism. In general, revealed a destitute place in the country's tourism industry and one percent share of the global tourism portfolio, the province of Ardabil is no exception. Therefore, due to the improper position of the province's tourism industry seems to develop ICT infrastructure and its affiliates can partially compensate the vacuum. This study, a combination of two specialized branches of tourism and information technology and communications. The main method in this research is descriptive and analytical methods and statistical society, those tourists who have traveled in July 1395 in Ardebil province. From this population, a sample of 384 was selected through stratified random sampling method. To collect the data, so a combination of several other researchers questionnaire, a questionnaire containing 51 questions.Research questions through descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS software and Lisrel were using. The results show that the role of information and communication Engines of Creation Glossary in the development of tourism based on trust model Morgan and Hunt, with an average of 3.4, the Technology Acceptance Model Davis, an average of 3.3 and 3.33 times the average in the Diffusion of Technology Rogers and Shoemaker. Thus, the impact of ICT on the development of tourism and ecotourism in the medium. In addition, according to the results of factor analysis, in particular the amount of 6.465 Sareyn with the greatest contribution to explaining the role of ICT in development is tourism. After that, Ardebil City Namin at 5.079 and 5.853 are next in rank.

The intellectual structure of knowledge and its research front can be identified by co-word analysis. This research tries to reveal the intellectual structure of rural studies in Human Geography, using co-word analysis, network analysis, and science visualization tools.Bibliometric methodology and social network analysis are used as the research methods. The research population comprises 11202 records in the field of Rural Geography during 1980-2015, which have been retrieved from Web of Science. Results indicated that “China”, “Migration”, and“Poverty” are the most frequent keywords in the rural studies; and “Rural---Urban”, “China---Migration”, and “China---Poverty” are the most frequent keywords coming co-occurrence. Use of hierarchical cluster analysis in coword created 7 topical clusters in rural studies. Clusters of "rural area" and "physical and natural environment of the village" located strategically in the best condition. In general, according to the results of this research it seems that in addition to geographical factors (such as the physical, natural, and spatial analysis), economic topics including livelihoods, poverty, income, and agricultural economy have gained the interest of researchers in in rural geography.

Agriculture is the most important activity in Guilan, Rasht and country rural areas. This city main activity is rice planting. This yield plant in addition to economic effects (Job and revenue creation) also has social effects. This research has studied relationship between credit rate and social effects using how rice planting production method. This research independent variable is credit rate and dependent variable social effects (cooperation, mitigating poverty, tendency to have baby, increasing job chances, ..). Production method including traditional, mechanized and semimechanized has selected as mediatory variable. In this research has used descriptive- analytical method and collected data by questionnaire from 400 rural families. To analyze date and obtain final model in main hypothesis has Used 3d Cross-sectional table by SPSS. Results show that in 95% reliability level could say increasing receive validity increases social effects due to rice plant in traditional production method.

In islamic territories, some people interested in and advice on burying their bodies beside shrines. Hence, there has been creating cemeteries around shrines since 10th century. Two sacred shrines in shar-e Rey (Abu Abdullah & Sheikh-e Saddoogh) have been origins to form cemeteries that today seems as abounded urban spaces. In this paper, we use an analytic descriptive method to study and explore important cultural values of the abandoned cemeteries and to explain cemeteries, urban problems and difficulties. Findings show that the spaces are parts of cultural heritage, so they are able to introduce urban identity, history, literature, social customs, architecture and arts. However, the abounded cemeteries cause many problems for the city and citizens such as environmental problems. Ruined tombs seems agley and dangerous. They lower land prices so that reconstruction of buildings and worn-out structures are not affordable.Abounded cemeteries are scary for many people. Cemetery neighbors feel scared and insecurity. The most important problem in improving and reforming the cemeteries are monetary shortages and challenges between municipality and Awqaf & Charity Affairs Organization. It is necessary to plan to change abounded cemetery conditions and this planning must not forget cemetery cultural values.

Water crisis is one of the important problems of world that it has more appearance in the south-east Asia region. Iran as one of dry countries this region has a lot of challenges in water sector. In this among, the province of Kerman as the vastest province of Iran is the driest province of this country.This dry province in terms of agricultural gardens is the first rank of Iran and in terms of industrial situation is one of main provinces of Iran.Accordingly, this province has great deal water needs and because of irregular consumption, water balance in the province is overwhelmingly negative. This study aims to examine the Kerman province's water needs and the consequences of water crisis in this province. This research implemented by descriptive analysis method and approach of study future.The results show that reduce of source water surface of underground and drying the shafts and karizs will threaten the agricultural sector and also will cause migration of villages and towns inhabitants to large cities and metropolises. There is a hydro-politics competition among cities, agriculture and industry parts that the metropolises and main industries have up hand and threat the water security of agricultural and rural regions.

The growth of industry and urbanization are accounted as most important phenomenon in recent races. Urban rapid growth in semi developed country has made many kind of problems such as social, economic, environmental and physically Issue. The green city is a new approach that has made from constant development, that can use to the quality preferment of environment and urban constant development. The view point if constant development. The view point if constant development with green city' s approach is a new method that peruse urban zones and also has been used to solve urban problems. Finally, in addition description of criterions and Index to zones constancy that is a process in front of planner and urban manager by help from that can making priority of actions toward doing preferment constancy of coincidence zones, in process of constant development. This research deals with the goal of constants preferment of Tehran metropolitan zones, want to identity and evaluation the quantity situation of maker factors this zones in urban area, also in addition to index identity of green city, and zones persuasion with focus on chosen index of research, do the zones making priority that they are more accordance with the green city indexes.Evaluation of results and analyst shows that to tally the zones of research has got deep gap in relating to in indexes, and results in the first method vikor fuzzy shows that zone 4 by 1 coefficient is in the first ranking and is in a favorite conditions. Zone 1 by 0.278 coefficient, is in un favorite conditions. The result of first method and second both of them shows that 4 zone is as the greenest zone in Tehran metropolis and the zones 4.22, 1 have more utilitarian and constancy.

THE implementation of passive defense in urban and regional planning has a prolonged historical background. This argument could be verified through historical facts such as moat digging and the building of barriers, ziggurats, ancient-forts, chateaus (sharestans), ligaments, barbicans, walls and castles. It is essential, because of the fundamental changes in military armaments technology, to employ modern passive defense in order to reduce casualties and inflictions of any type of war. Iran has- for the nature of its existence, its geographical and historical responsibility and potentials, among other reasons- always been and will remain under potential threats. The variables investigated in this applied research include the recognition of vital, critical and major installations of G Industrial State of Isfahan in order to reduce enemy attacks inflictions, enhance national resistance threshold and the defensive power, deterrence, resiliency and stability of the state. The study is mainly a secondary desk research, however, with regard to the type of it, field researchinter viewing-have been deployed. The SWOT method has been used in the paper to analyze the Industrial State G and inspect its consistency with the passive defense principles and consequences of a potential attack. The results indicate the principles are not observed.It is possible to take measures before the outbreak of any war to diminish life and economical casualties of the strategic points whereupon the life cities and countries depend.

Geopolitics and its diverse realms continuously impact on different aspects of political and social life, internally, locally and globally. Therefore, geopolitical reaction and decisive factors in foreign relation of nations and complicated international dealings of the global system. The geopolitical and geostrategic region of Middle East has always been one of most important regions of the world. So that, any change in it greatly impacts on relationships all over the region. changes in the Syria have made that country a new arena for strategic competitions. For this reason, in the present research, reading historical relationships and strategically unity between Iran and Syria specially after our Islamic revolution. The crisis in the Syria and its geopolitical outcomes on our national security were studied. This study conducted employing descriptive – analytical method trying to answer the question of the impacts of Syrian crisis on Islamic Republic of Iran's national security. Theoretical bases and research finding indicate that with the continuation of crisis in Syria, threats such as disturbance of power structure and weakening of regional influence of Iran, disappearance of connectional chain and geopolitical link of resistance main, and consequently spatial discontinuity within that main, the downfall of our strategic ally, disappearance of Iran's strategic depth in the region, and finally, strengthening of competitors and enemies of the resistance main in Middle East will be inevitable. Therefore the present crisis may, like a domino contribute to the downfall of Assad as well as downfall of other allies, and as a result create a threat to the security and survival of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Kurds are the native tribes of Meddle East. The new Turkey's dialectic has raised basic problems in the last century and has dominated blood geography over Kurd's geography. Their forced migration during the first world war, beating them severely during Ararat mutiny to Dersim events and death of 40000 people during fight with P.K.K are the most prominent symbols of bad situation governing the Kurd's geography that are the results of policy in the last century. It is clear that entering modern thoughts and above all, nationalism and modern and national government that considered centralizing power and unifying geography as the best choice for a modern, powerful, developed and democratic government, played an important role in this case. The data in the present research are taken from a part of PhD thesis.In a library way (internal and external) and in the other level we have treated them by an explanation/analytic method. The results show that Turkey's internal policy (dialectic) towards Kurd's geography guides the foreign policy of this country and even affect the foreign policy of the neighboring countries and in some cases has directed them. This fact has made a very complicated problem for Kurds in a way that the democratic solution looks out of reach and circumstances for peace geography has become very difficult. Finally to exit this situation and make peace geography we proposed an ecological policy that has paid attention to the characteristics of difference geography in internal policy and it is inferred that it can lead the foreign policy towards peace and instead of a comprehensive equality that has a negative aspect multilateral participation is the best way to determine the peace geography.