Geography
Year:2011 | Volume:9 | Issue:30|Papers Count:12

City is density habitat that due to the presence of human, it requires security and safety in all physical, social, economic, cultural, management aspects. Any action that insurance human society and natural environment, if is not military approach, it is non – operating defense. Passive defense of urban should be followed prevention rule rather than structural strength principle. Accordingly, should be specified cultural methods (creating of trust, neighborhood principle ….), economic (joint investments, formation syndicate, creating of joint economic areas between different nationals.), social (Strengthen cultural and religious links …). research method that has been done by structure – strategic approach is descriptive- analytical and the purpose of research is, presenting of passive safety and security strategies that it is appropriate with geography, economic, social, cultural and …. In shahriar city. Space research is shahriar city that it is subdivision of Tehran province. Researchers have presented operational strategies for safety and security in shahriar city after studying and analyzing of status quo.

No doubt, watershed is one of the major and basic activities in Iran, which has almost left positive effects and got a special situation in the whole country, accordingly the effectiveness is developing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the educational needs of watershed managers by using PRA method at Neshveh village watershed in Saveh town from Markazi province. Since PRA is a method which is used for the changing and stable participation by the people. Of course the people's tendency, participation and so on are created by the use of analyzers and facilitators. The results of this study show that all these positive results were due to participation of the people frome same beginning of watershed in this basin. Thus thise participation has brought up the social stable changing and cooperation with executive organizations.

Failing to accomplish urban renovation and regeneration programs in the past has attracted the attention of experts toward a new phenomenon called sustainability in projects, which is one of the major approaches toward urban regeneration contexts, sustainability and emphasis on regeneration approach. This regenerating method focuses on citizens' involvement. The goal of this research is to find the variables and main factors which are effective in sustainable urban regeneration. The notion of sustainable urban regeneration has been analyzed in this article. Therefore, 379 questionnaires were filled out and analyzed by local citizens. The methodology of this research includes documental, field-study and analytical methods, but the sampling method is random, using questionnaire. Statistical analysis was carried out utilizing SPSS software; analyzing significant approaches for urban regeneration was carried out through SWOT model. The findings show that the enforcement of urban renovation plans must be reviewed and citizens' involvement must be considered as a significant factor in sustainability of plans.

One of the problems of urban planning, considering the population growth and lack of fundamental facilities is choosing proper direction and physical development of the city, for fulfilling the future needs. Since the development of the city involves extensive land for construction, this has decreased the level of efficiency, especially agricultural lands. For this reason, thorough study is needed in this field. In this article Geographic Information System and remote sensing technique was used to determine the perfect direction for Mashhad city expansion. first of all, the physical growth of the city during different stages especially after was studied. Then weighted critic method, multi criteria evaluation model, and even comparative method factors such as distance from the urban user, distance from the fault, distance from good quality agricultural land and orchards, geology and land slope were used for optimal expansion of the city. After the final analysis, it was revealed that the directions that face obstacles are: South, South West, North East and East of the city. It was found that the best directions for the city expansion are North West and the West of Mashad.

In the accelerated process of urbanization in Iran, to locate landfill for urban waste is considered to be one of the requirements of urban planning and management. Since urban waste will be accompanied by many environmental losses if not buried in the appropriate place. The city of Behshar has been formed within a coastal ecosystem which is vulnerable and sensitive. Therefore any kind of urban development should be followed by spatial and environmental considerations. This city, with a population of more than 83 thousand people, produces 70 tons of waste materials daily which are buried and burnt in the exurb of the city near residential areas. In this paper, by 10 factors of petrology, geo-hydrology, the  distance from drainage network, fractures, urban and rural centers, the roads,  monuments, precipitation  and slope, and by the application of the technique of AHP or hierarchical process in the software of Expert Choice and Arc GIS 9.2, the appropriate lands to bury urban wastes are locating in two places: One is the lands of northern Klak with an area of 20 hectares and the other one is the northern Rakavand with an area of 36 hectares which are shown on the map of 13.

The urban system is a spatial distribution of cities and population in an area. A point of economical view, the transportation and communication between cities depend on basically operations of them. In based on knowledge of urban system and change of them in a region can be effectiveness in solving the numerous problems. In this research, analysis relationship between urban centralization and earthquake vulnerability, and use of documentary data. The effects of urban centralization on earthquake vulnerability in Hormozgan cities, was studied. The results show that: 1) with regard to historical earthquake, earthquake seismicity background and varieties faults, Hormozgan cities are at high risk of earthquake. 2) The trend of Urban Concentration Index in Hormozgan province was been disequilibrium. 3) During all of the study period, an increase in density and centralization of population is observed, despite of earthquake risk in Hormozgan province.

Sustainable tourism development is as one of the most important strategies in development planning. With a view of the combination of human and natural attractions in the data. The main feature of this system with the attitude that this is the case 15 minutes to an hour during which you can see the diversity of tourist attractions and ecotourism Which is unique in the world. These attractions, including hot springs (more than 60 major focus of the therapeutic properties of hot water), Ski, volcanic landscapes, enjoying the woods, mountains and cultural climate, etc., can be expressed. The aim of the study and application of methods and descriptive nature - is analytic. Rasgo random sampling and sample size is determined by law.And reliability of the method is used to measure alpha corn Bach research and analytical models is the swot. The results show that despite having high tourism potential and a significant test of the changed economic impact of tourism in rural areas, The tests showed that the satisfaction of tourists' satisfaction was lower and The tourists and higher education has decreased significantly.  In this regard, the analysis of the structure and components of the status quo Practical suggestions and strategies for sustainable development planning study area is presented with emphasis on tourism.

Unfortunately, the development policies in our country over the years, were lacked thinking points of view based on rural development conditions. In fact, lack of a mental foundation and practical approach causes lots of difficulties in advancement of many rural development plans in the country, which make a detachment between urban and rural points and confront the ruralists with problems and issues. As examples, we may point the following: irregular increase in rural population, absence of national attention to spatial structure of rural areas, rural productivity, rural activities to be uneconomical, geographical isolation, weakness of communication network, inattention to manufacturing strength and capabilities of rural areas and powerful manpower and nonintervention and failure in participation of people in planning policies. In this dissertation, in addition to causes that make rural undevelopment we observe a basic question, finding the response can help our that it is:Is there any relationship between social factors and rural undevelopment?For finding the response  of this question and test of this question as a hypothesis, the require data is based on documentary and metrical methods emphasizing on analytical or copulative measurement, as the most conventional method of square researches. also method of direct verbal interview and drawing up questionnaire is used in collection of data. In measurement and analysis of variants, the method of descriptive statistics is used in confirmation of theories in addition to using parametric and nonparametric statistical tests and other statistical methods installed on SPSS software. Studies and integration calculated in this research show that there is a direct liaison between rural undevelopment and social factors.

Flood is natural phenomena. That human social accept it, is inevitable. But the reason of occurrence, size, and repetition is multifactor that change condition region of climatology, natural and geographical. Obviously the reason of flood is precipitation. But studies show there is not liner relation with this factor. As such disruptive this relation in additional to geographical condition has physical properties of basin and is properties of hydrologic. The case study of this research is located northeast of Tehran. It located in the east longitude from 51o 22’ to 51o 52’ and north latitude from 35o 45to36, 50. In this research for modeling of flood flow of Jajrod river basin first effective indexes in flooding with use of experience past study and special traits of basin recognized that superlative indicator effective in flooding region has been characterized and proportion of each sub basin was characterized. Ultimately, with the use of multiple regression method (enter method) the flooding model of basin was produced. Required layer for evolution with use of GIS software was produced. Conclusion of research shows in physiographic properties of studied, invoices of ratio of figure, ratio of density, time concentration, basin surrounding, sum of length of river, length of first class River modeling of flooding has maximum importance.