Geography
Year:2017 | Volume:15 | Issue:53|Papers Count:26

This paper contains a comparative study of neighbourhood transformation taking place in different administrative parts of Tehran city in Iran. The way of occupation of different areas of the city show it’s certain economic, social and cultural identity and presents different landscapes in city. This paper tried to answer this question that how is population density during 1996, 2006 and 2011 in Tehran. This tried to recognize the spatial pattern for population density using ArcGIS, Geoda and techniques of spatial-statistical analysis especially spatial autocorrelation in better way by spatial-temporal investigation. Spatial autocorrelation measures the correlation of a variable with itself through space. The results show that during the three periods of 1996, 2006 & 2011 pattern of population distribution in Tehran has been clustered and has changed during these three periods. Although the intensity and concentration of High-High and Low-Low clusters is reduced however, the more high-density clusters have been formed in the city. Indifferent (Residual) zones have emerged during these periods in places where the High-High zones have formed, this means that New boundaries will change to form high-high clusters.

In this study, first pollutants concentration data was obtained. After that for atmospheric right scrolling with using RAOB software and high level atmospheric data of Mehrabad station draw the thermodynamic chart (SKEW-T).In order to analyzing the atmospheric circulations with using European among scale center data base (ECMWF), the related maps draw in GRADS software. In this research, first seasonal trend and number of Pervasive polluted days in a time period of 1390-1396 extracted and analyzed. The founded expresses decreasing trend in pollutants concentration like PM2.5, O3, CO,SO2 and increasing trend in NO2, PM10 concentration in a understudy time period. After that with determining most intensive and inclusive polluted days, paid to analyze the synoptic selected samples. In winter and spring season with penetrating migrant cold high pressure on north half of Iran in sea level and  stretching a high pressure on Arabia and Iraq countries in mid troposphere level and confirm to sea level high pressure, was the dominant condition in a time of inclusive and severe pollutant occurrence. Also in the summer and fall season similar to them with settling the high pressure on Caspian and north bar of country and spreading the Pakistan low pressure to south Alborz regions and in troposphere mid level with penetrating shallow trough belong to Russia north low pressure on the research area with creating quite wind and decreasing the boundary depth layer provided suitable condition for increasing Tehran’s pollution potential.

The Kurdish regions of Iraq, centered on two traditional parties, the Patriotic Union and the Democratic Party, were created with the opportunities created after the collapse of the Ba'ath regime. They were able to take power and gain countless powers in the economic, security and political fields of the new Iraqi structure. In the new Iraqi structure, the Kurdistan Region is centered on the Democratic Party in the areas of security, economic, foreign policy, territoriality, and so on. Acting unilaterally And, instead of the nature of the intergovernmental pattern of interaction with the central government of Iraq, it has followed the pattern of opposition and has been challenged by the central government.Following the ISIS invasion of Iraq, the common enemy on the one hand has led to military cooperation between the Kurdistan Region and the central government of Iraq. On the other hand, the security vacuum created in the disputed areas has led to the cultivation and sale of oil in those areas by the climate and has exacerbated the challenges with the central government. The opposition of the Democratic Party to the central government in the fields of economic and security and the excessive alignment with Turkey has caused the crisis and dissatisfaction of other parties in the Kurdistan region.And this situation has made the Patriotic Union closer to Iran as a regional power, in order to balance the political currents with regard to the common historical background. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method and library-based sources and documents to analyze the geopolitical analysis of the Kurdistan region after the collapse of ISIS. The results of the research show that the ISIL war with regard to its capabilities has led the Democratic Party to intensify its opposition to the central government and the proximity to Turkey as well as to the balance of power in relation to the regional powers of the Patriotic Union toward Iran. It is more likely that the possibility of the geopolitical division of Iraqi Kurdistan between the regional powers (Iran and Turkey) is more likely.

The lands in cities are areas for urban development and infill development is the process of optimization of land use. Planning and growth management by infill development policy, compare with other growth policies is closer and more consistent to sustainability. In this paper, we are going to study capacities and necessities of infill development of Tehran, by means of descriptive analytic and by use of documentary data. Findings indicate Tehran has the capacity of development and subsequently ready to growth management and special rearrangement via infill development. More than 18000 hectares of lands with infill development capacities that occupied 30% of city areas and 52% of vacant spaces and areas with developmental goals and high availability along with distribution and increment process, from east to west and north to south, makes possible not only physical growth management, but also facilitate spatial rearrangement to balance of inequality among regions and city zones by means of the policy of infill development and topical and local capacities. Redevelopment of north, east and south areas, new development of west area and revitalization of central area, are general strategies of  infill development in Tehran.

With the start of the twenty-first century because of economic infrastructure, health, security, communication, tourism has become one of the world's top three industries. In recent years, tourism has grown considerably meal in one of the most dynamic and most innovative tourism sector has become. Gastrvnvmy the purposes and tourism companies of the importance of tourism and economic development in order to diversify the national, regional and local awareness. The aim of the present study, functional, and in terms of data collection is descriptive. And data collected through questionnaires. tourism development and integrated set of food analyzed and finally using MICMAC analysis of variables and their effects on other variables were determined according to. Underlying operating model and to start and improve our position in the industry should be emphasized in the first place. As well as encouraging the development and promotion and consumption of local foods with the four lowest leverage effect. These variables have low leverage and dependence.

Exposure to heat and heat stress that most people encounter during daily activities or activities in the workplace will have an impact on human physical activity. The aim of this study was to discuss the effects of heat stress in the 22 districts on citizenships of Tehran. For this purpose, the questionnaire data has been used. This research was descriptive and fieldwork was done and a questionnaire was used for data collection. This questionnaire was performed according to a sample size of 385 cases and through using Cochran's formula. For analysis the data of questionnaire was used SPSS and MATLAB software. The findings of descriptive showed that 60% of the respondents were female and 40% men. Since weight has almost direct connection to heat stress, the evaluation of the weight class diversity can be almost suitable for the analysis of the factors and mental responses of heat stress on citizenships of Tehran. Based on this issue, 32.7% have a weight between 55 and 65 and 29.09% have weight more than 75 kg. In order to analysis, the role of heat stress on citizenships of Tehran factor analysis and cluster analysis have been used. The results indicated that based on factor analysis, heat stress has the most effects on the calm of soul and spirit, fatigue and heatstroke and decreased activity and increased transpiration of the body, cramps, pulmonary and heart disease. According to cluster analysis, cardio pulmonary disease and cramps, the calm of soul and spirit and fatigue, dizziness, heatstroke and decreased activity and increased transpiration have been affected respectively. The study showed that the effects of heat stress on gender, type of occupation, marriage, celibacy, male and female and there is a significant relationship between heat stress and gender, occupation and age while marital, celibacy and weight don't have influence on heat stress.

Considering walking not only as the earliest kind of urban transportation, but also it can lead to a high level of safety and comfort for people. Unfortunately, these days because of the lack of urban walking-based open spaces and low quality of these spaces, residents of present cities have encountered with serious problems for doing their social interactions. With a quick look at Ahvaz city (located at the western south of Iran) and most of Iran’s metropolises, obviously it can be found that most of Iran’s metropolises, in particular Ahvaz cannot meet their resident’s needs and expectations. Our purpose of this study is to assess the satisfaction of Salman Farsi street’s residents from the plan of sidewalk construction of this street in terms of its physical, social, economic and environmental dimensions. We use field and library methods to collect information in this kind of descriptive study. Our sample society is including the shopkeepers, residents and pedestrians of Salman Farsi Street and also we developed our sampling based on a random method. Considering this point that our sample size is 100 participants, we use SPSS Statistical Software and parametric, nonparametric tests such as Ttest, chi-square, correlation, Friedman for analyzing the questioners. Based on this study’s results, we can conclude that most of the street residents and users are satisfied with sidewalk construction of Salman Farsi street, in a way that the greatest satisfaction is related to its physical dimension, while most of the residents and users aren't satisfied with its environmental dimensions.

Nation-states have encountered several political and geopolitical crises since the outset of their formation and development. In geopolitical crisis that the grounds for the conflict over the control and capture of one or more geographical values are significant, the crisis endures and sustains to some extent and cannot be easily resolved; since the issue of conflict belongs in the national interests upon which no compromise is feasible for the parties involved.The Republic of Azerbaijan, as an important actor in the geopolitical region of Southern Caucasia, faced a geopolitical crisis of the occupied territories due to Armenian territorial expansionism. It was a crisis that gained some international aspects following the intervention of some powers. Iran, as the most important neighboring country to Azerbaijan, has very often attempted to maintain her own position among regional and transregional actors through intervening in this crisis. Accordingly, this current study descriptively-analytically attempts to examine the question how Iran’s performance is assessed to resolve Karabakh’s crisis.The research findings demonstrate that Karabakh’s crisis has become complicated due to its being multi-faceted, its longevity and resistence, the plurality of the actors and the persuit of some particular geopolitical objectives by the mediators. Iran also follows up her own various objectives on the basis of the complex matrix of crisis and her geopolitical implications: prevention of triple coalition of Azerbaijan-Armenia-Turkey; averting the crisis spreading to her borders; playing an inhibitory role against the presence of transregional actors like Israel and U.S. accosting her borders.

Due to the global water crisis, having the right information for managing the planning and optimization in different locations is essential. The conventional methods of measuring are very costly, time-consuming and difficult. In recent years in order to reduce this problem and estimate runoff the watershed, the Geographic Information System (GIS) has been used. In this study, by using daily rainfall data in the SMADA software, return period of 2and 50 years was obtained. ArcCN-Runoff tool with respect to the accuracy and precision in numerous research studies have been made to creat maps and volume of runoff curve number and height were used in the watershed KESHAR. KESHAR area into three groups hydrological B -C-D and was divided into seven land use. The results showed that land use and vegetation and importance of the area in the basin is the most important parameter determines the loss of significant influence and impact on runoff .Curve Number Basin KESHAR shows, rocky outcrops small surface area occupied by the greatest CN (91), The highest volume and highest runoff in the user's area Hydro Group C with 08.56 percent, With low permeability and high potential of runoff is derived, Which puts the area at risk of flooding.

Counter-urbanization has been defined with many definitions in research literature as increasing of the small town population in the process of urban expansion and development. This study investigates the counter-urbanization process in Isfahan metropolitan area based on an exploratory method using the population and immigration data, diurnal commuting, and the immigration motivators. The results show that, during different periods, population growth has been changed from the greater cities’ metropolitan area to the small towns. So that, there is less population growth near the main greater cities during the last decade. Regarding the immigration as well as migration effectiveness over the population, and immigration motivators, it can be said that the most important parameters of small towns’ expansion near the greater cities are better habitation opportunities, and finding better jobs. Furthermore, decreasing the diurnal commuting close to the greater cities shows that small towns, which are farther from the greater city, have more autonomy. In addition, based on polarization reversal model, and population development investigation in metropolitan areas, there are population development from the greater cities’ centre to the periphery area, which is leaded to decrease the population of the main greater city, and increase the population absorption in small towns. Consequently, the urbanization of Isfahan metropolitan area has entered to a counter-urbanization phase.

The growth of urbanization and the tendency of human populations to urban environments have made the context more meaningful for the concept of urban livability. Urban livability is one of the basic foundations of sustainable urban development, and as a dual-use coin, one of which is livelihoods, and on the other, it is ecological sustainability. The purpose of this study is to provide a combination model of Tehran metropolis based on infrastructure indicators. The research method is descriptive -analytical and of survey type and in terms of its purpose. Data were collected through a library-based survey and a researcher-made questionnaire. 485 residents of Tehran's metropolitan area were sampled using probability sampling and data were collected using structural equations and statistical tests in Smart PLS, Spss software were analyzed. The results of this study indicate that among the 13 biodegradability indicators measured in the 22 metropolitan areas of Tehran metropolitan area, the index of infrastructure facilities and services has the highest score and the index of continuity and location belonging to the lowest scores. And among the three dimensions of bioavailability, the highest score belongs to the economic dimension. Other findings of the study showed that in the 22 areas of Tehran, the 1, 3, and 2 ranges have the highest score and opposite to the 20th zone in the lowest rank in terms of biomass indicators. The descriptive statistics regarding the final score and the livability dimensions in the 22 areas showed that the average life expectancy score of the metropolis of Tehran was 3.041, which is at a low level.

Usually there is a place in every city that we call dangerous neighborhoods, and in these areas, crimes are simply happening, and when we have to pass through these streets or neighborhoods, we just want to pass quickly and always the reasons for the emergence of such places. In cities, it's a question for everyone. Indeed, if people choose a place for life, the first thing that carries their minds is the existence of security, because security is an important indicator for raising the quality of social life, and one of the factors that it creates is its security. The purpose of this article is to investigate the environmental factors affecting the crime of theft. The study area is located in Qom, and areas 1 and 7 of this city have been investigated as a case. The research method is descriptive-analytic based on the scroll and is used by the questionnaire. The results of the research indicate that, from the viewpoint of residents in the Qom area, the indicator of the guardian of the neighborhood with an average of 4.21 could have the greatest impact on the reduction of theft crime and the population density has the least effect, on the other hand residents of the seven area increase the quality The door and windows with an average of 4.46 main factors in reducing the crime and providing the facilities and facilities for the better performance of the neighborhood by the municipality have the least impact. Also, there is a direct relationship between municipalities with a correlation coefficient of 0.48, such as physical protection of the neighborhood with a coefficient of 0.29 and a reduction in the crime of crime in areas 1 and 7, so the greater the physical protection and provision of facilities, facilities and urban infrastructure, the amount of theft in These areas will be reduced.

The development of a national and ethnic identity in the periphery of Iran has become widespread in recent decades. The process of geopolitical developments and the formation of new political units around Iran has strengthened this in relation to shaping identity or friction. Among these areas is the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, which after being successful in autonomy, the regional culture began to formulate a formal reading of history to create an identity support for the people of this region. In historical studies, the relativity of this region with the history of Iran can be consider as three periods: in ancient times, the Islamic period and contemporary, these courses can be divided and differentiated. The two previous periods have been review in separate articles. The study of the official history of Kurdistan Region in contemporary history, especially in relation to the common political and historical events between Iran and the Kurdistan Region, is explore.This research based on descriptive-analytical method and with the data was gathering tool through library studies. The textbooks of social studies, history and geography of the high school of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, have been investigated and analyzed. The results indicate that the official education system approach in the Kurdistan region to the category of Iranian history and identity is not the same as the ancient era and in most cases, there is a kind of heterogeneity in the readings of the Kurds in Iran with what is in the Kurdistan Region textbooks.

Empowerment of informal settlements has been always faced with two challenges. Firtly, Lack of necessary capacity to implement and unfamiliarity of urban management with the nature of empowerment plan to increase these capacities. Secondly, distrust of the residents of these textures to urban management and consequently the challenge of attracting their participation. This study aims by focusing on the first challenge as a research problem, with analytical- descriptive approach to evaluate and compare the existing capacity of urban management in order to empower informal settlements in five cities, so that the shortcomings of the urban managment regarding this issue to be determined. In this regard, according to documents and library resources, indicators of urban management capacity has been developed in many aspects. Furthermore, in order to quantify and collect data needed for each indicator, according to experts, using in-depth interviews and avialable information in the empowerment plan of informal settlements of theses cities has been considered. To analyze the data and evaluate the final number of available capacity of urban management of each of the surveyed cities in order to empower informal settlements of each city, the FUZZY-ANP model, and for weighting of indicators in this model, professionals, city administrators and researchers were surveyed. Ranking results of the management of the cities in order to empower informal settlements from highest to lowest capacity were 1- Shiraz, 2- Marvdasht, 3-Yasouj, 4-Zabol, and 5-Iranshahr respectively. Moreover, the indiocators of 1- using participatory planning method, 2- meetings and workshops related to issues of informal settlements, and 3- the stability of income respectively had the highest significance in this ranking.

Transferring the water vapor in the atmosphere directly depend on the conditions of atmospheric circulation, amount and path of humidity changes related to the atmospheric circulation variation. one of the main factors of atmospheric circulation affecting on transferring the moisture is high pressure centers that if placed on the water surface and humidity resources causes the moisture advection in a widely area. However, the role of low pressure systems and cyclones in advection and moisture flux, although not as much as high-pressure systems, but also played a significant role in transmitting and condition of moisture advection. the aim of this study is survey the moisture advection of Iran's precipitations. in this regard, pressure data, specific humidity, u wind and v wind parameters in 500, 700, 850 and 1000 hpa from NCEP/NCAR database were extracted and analyzed. the results showed that the moisture advection of iran's precipitations is related to the moisture advection pattern of low pressure of dual-core of Sudan and east Mediterranean - Europe high pressure, moisture advection pattern of multicore low pressure of central Iran, east Mediterranean and south east of Saudi Arabian, moisture advection pattern of high-pressure of north west of Europe- low pressure of Persian gulf, moisture advection pattern of high pressure of Siberia and Kazakhstan- low pressure of south east of Iran and low pressure of Mediterranean. Overly, the results showed that Arabian Sea in low level and Mediterranean Sea in high level had an important role in moisture advection of Iran's precipitations.

Administrative divisions are a clear indication of the role played by states in managing the territorial space, which is being discussed in many disciplines, especially in geopolitics .By pursuing country-specific divisions and territorial targeting, governments pursue specific goals and, according to specific rules and regulations, apply their own management in territorial territory. In the process of changing the level of political-administrative units, there are several factors that make up one of the most important ones, such as population, size, culture and ethnicity, age, security, access, etc. However, in some cases, it can be seen that the existence of a series of political and geopolitical considerations or religious or religious characteristics imposes these criteria on the sidelines and alone plays a key role in promoting the level of division of the state. One of these cases in Iran is the conversion of Qom county to Qom province. This article explores why and how it is influenced by it.This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and its data and data have been collected through library resources, electronics and referring to relevant documents.The results of the research showed that political and religious factor played a major role in promoting the political level of Qom and forming Qom province, and had a greater impact than other factors.

Dust has always been considered as one of the most important environmental hazards and has undesirable environmental impacts. This study aims to investigate the trend of dusty days and temperature time series in Hamedan province and the effect of temperature series on the number of dusty days. In this regard, the number of dusty days as well as average temperature, minimum temperature and maximum temperature of the stations in Hamedan, Nozheh Hamedan and Malayer, during the statistical period of 1992-2012, were used. At first, the Normality test of the data was performed by Anderson-Darling test and then the normal and abnormal months were separated. Then for non-normal months, Mann Kendall test and for normal months, t test and Least Squares method were used. Finally, the Correlation test was performed, using the Pearson Correlation and Linear Regression tests. The results showed that the temperature time series in the months with specific trends have been increasing. Also, the number of dusty days has decreased in the cold months of the year and increased in the warm ones. According to the Prediction model, the occurrence of this phenomenon will have an increasing trend in the future.

Choose landfill is one of the most important steps in the management of municipal solid waste. With regard to environmental impact, economic and ecological landfill, the landfill must be done carefully and in a scientific process. In this study, to determine the appropriate location for Solid Waste Palm City Taqi using the capabilities of GIS tools have been implemented. Geographic information systems including the innovative methods used today to study the location. The selection criteria for landfill waste Mnayb places such as geology, access roads, slope, fault, maps, land use, urban and rural centers have been used.the current location is buried in the wrong zone. 

This study examines the ecological footprint of human activity on two key issues of sustainable development layer Models with emphasis on documents and studies, geography and urban planning. To collect information about the literature of library and data gathering methods to confirm or refute the hypothesis of the study questionnaire was used. This descriptive study, explain and geography footprint by model citizens was conducted to determine the required land. With geodetic survey can be concluded Is the ecological environment and biological systems able to meet the area and its residents are supported by all social and economic activities Do not just focus on economic issues and urban sustainability consumption of materials, energy and services? The results show that the ecological footprint of 1.93 hectares per person per year, This amount is distributed in five major groups including food, 1.3, 0.65, housing, transportation, consumer goods 0.26 and 0.55 is .08 Services The results of this study indicate that the region 13 to satisfy their biological needs and sustainability are not self-reliant Tehran and other areas is needed And the other regional development patterns, according to calculations by Gini coefficients and relative entropy Shannon somewhat scattered And the imbalance in the distribution of population in urban areas is evident. Figures obtained from the coefficients and Gary Moran also suggest that the growth pattern of the city Towards been scattered and random pattern closer.

Urban historical sites and structures are of phenomenon that lots of countries of age face.  Coming true the era of "globalization" and the increasing acceleration of changes that have embraced all aspects of human life have not only underscored the importance of these historic capital and cultural affairs, but the crisis of identity and wandering of contemporary societies, looks more than It has been pinned to the legacy of the past generations. Persian baths are considered as one of the dynamic urban spaces in the center of the country's old neighborhoods, and not so long ago this type of structure and work had various functions performed in the fields of health, social, economy and etc.  Today most of these baths are abandoned and useless or at least have lost most of their roles and positions, whereas one cannot underestimate the role of Iranian baths in creating the feeling of belonging among society and the economic potential it had in tourism industry development. Therefore trying to restore these structures while adopting them to modern society and needs and also keeping the authenticity and originality seems necessary. Studying the past activities concerning restoration of Iranian historical baths brings to the light a combination of factors which led to its success or failure.  It seems, misunderstanding of affecting factor on restoring historical structures will somehow shape the roots to success and failure of this act. In this regard, considering what these factors and their weight are, they are a question that is posed in connection with the planning and implementation of interventions related to the restoration of old buildings and historical buildings. This article seeks to identify, analyze and prioritize the key factors affecting the restoration of Iranian baths, a small step, in line with the above requirements. This was done firstly through library studies, field studies and interviews with scholars. After identifying important influential factors, the list of factors has been passed to the experts' judgment in order to rank using the questionnaire tool. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software using statistical tests. Finally, the most important parameters for the restoration of traditional baths have been presented. Needless to say that in order to enhance the objectivity of the research achievements, all processes and procedures has been done with due attention and attention to the historical bath of Mohtasham Kashan.

Nowadays “Passive Defense” is very important in urban management and Militarism, because we can reduce damages from enemies attack by complying with its rules. Making urban shelters is one of important actions to reduce human casualties. Making urban shelters have its rules. Finding the best place in city is one of these rules which should be complied. The shelter must be created in place that people can reach very fast in the crisis. In this paper urban shelter site-selecting implemented using multi criteria decision making algorithms with passive defense approaches. In the first step, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is used in order to determine the weight of each criterion. Then, we use fuzzy logic functions to produce fuzzificated factor maps. Finally, we utilize TOPSIS algorithm to evaluate all the points of city and create assessment map. Zahedan (in the southeast in Iran) is chosen as case study. In this paper 39 layers (map) gathered and categorized into 15 factor. Most weight is dedicated to “Distance from important points” (23%) and lowest weight is dedicated to “slope” (1%). The results shows most areas in the east and the north and center of the city are not suitable places to build urban shelters since several inappropriate factors like “Distance to fault”, “Distance to Old buildings”, “Distance to dangerous area”, “Distance to rivers”, “Distance to under waters” and “Distance to high voltages power lines” are focused in these areas and intensify the effect of each other’s. And the west area in the city (and some small limited areas in northeast and southeast) is suitable for urban shelter.