Applied Psychology
Year:2019 | Volume:13 | Issue:1 (49) |Papers Count:8

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine relationship between parenting styles, emotional expressiveness, emotional control and ambivalence towards emotional expressiveness of mothers who have children with behavioral problems. Methods: Research method was descriptive-correlational and statistical population included all third to sixth grade students (nine to 12 years of age) in districts one, five and seven of the City of Tehran municipality. Five schools were chosen, namely, Aftab Azarin, Imam Musa Kazem, 13th Aban, Shahid Cheraghi and Kalam Mehr in the academic year of 2016-2017 (N=1743). Of these, 200 students (102 boys and 98 girls) who met entrance criteria were selected based on availability. Sample size was determined using Rhine’ s (1991) formula for sample size, . Each child had earned a T score more that 63 on the Achenbach’ s Child Behavior Check List. The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire-Child Form (1991) was filled out by children, The King and Emmons’ s Emotional Expressive Questionnaire (1990), Roger and Nesshoever’ s Emotional Control Questionnaire (1987), and King and Emmons’ s Ambivalence Over Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire (1990) were filled out by mothers. Correlations and regression analyses were used for data analysis. Results: The results indicated that the study variables were able to predict 20. 8 % of the variance of children's behavioral problems (F= 4. 494, P= 0. 0001). In dimensions of parenting, father participation had the highest predictive power (β =-0. 194, P= 0. 009). In emotional expressiveness, negative emotional expressiveness component (β = 0. 162, P= 0. 026), in emotional control, the benign control component (β = 0. 200, P= 0. 009) and the ambivalence over positive emotional expressiveness were able to predict behavioral problems (β =0. 275, P= 0. 003). Conclusions: Since parenting styles, emotional expressiveness, emotional control and ambivalence over emotional expressiveness in mothers can be effective in predicting children's behavioral problems, these variables can be used in interventions to prevent and treat behavioral problems of these children and to teach mothers correct ways of expressing emotions.

Aim: The aim of this research was to predict life quality based on behavioral activator and inhibitor systems and adulthood hyperactivity in male drug abusers. Method: A correlational method was employed. The statistical population consisted of 1637 drug abusers residing in the Alborz province, Iran. 232 drug abusers were selected based on Krejces & Morgan’ s table (1970). Participants completed the following questionnaires: The World Health Organization’ s Quality of Life (WHOQOL) Questionnaire (Varsharbun, 1998); Conner's (1999) List of the Symptoms of Adulthood ADHD Indicator and the Behavioral Activator and Brain inhibitor System Questionnaire (Carver and White, 1994). Data was analyzed using the structural equation-modeling test. Findings: Findings showed that the indirect path coefficients between life quality and components of behavioral activator system (β =-0. 292, P=0. 01) and adulthood (β =-0. 584, P=0. 001) were negative. Changes of scores of behavioral-brain system explained 22% of adulthood hyperactivity variance and explained 47% of life quality variance along with changes of ADHD in adulthood. Conclusion: This research shows that adulthood hyperactivity has negative effects on the relationship between behavioral activator system and life quality. Therefore, it can be argued that hyperactivity has negative and destructive effects on personal and social affairs of male drug abuse. We suggest that some workshops should be held to improve the quality of life and decrease the dangerous behaviors in individuals with hyperactivity disorder in order to solve conflicts and improve interpersonal relationships.

Aim: Aim of present study was to determine the mediating role of attachment styles in relationship between parent-child relation patterns and early maladaptive schemas. Method: Method was a correlational study and statistical population included all the students of all branches of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran during 2017-2018 academic year (N=196, 100). Using multi-stage cluster sampling method, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Faculty of Engineering were selected and considering Mishel's (1993) suggestion and a ratio of 10-20 subjects per variable and probable attrition, the sample size was set at 420 individuals. To collect the data, Bagheri's (2012) Parent-child Relation Pattern Inventory, Young’ s (1998) Schema Questionnaire-short form and Hazen & Shaver’ s (1987) Adult Attachment Styles Questionnaire were used and after discarding 58 distorted questionnaires, the data was analyzed using structural equation modeling method. Results: The findings showed that structural pattern of the research fits well and only ambivalent attachment style can mediate the relationship between Liberal-based relation pattern and disconnection and rejection (β = 0. 229), impaired autonomy and performance (β = 0. 241), impaired limits (β = 0. 150), other-directedness (β = 0. 208) and over-vigilance/inhibition schemas (β = 0. 159) and also between secure-based pattern (β = 0. 375) and disconnection and rejection (β = 0. 396), impaired autonomy and performance (β = 0. 246), impaired limits (β = 0. 340), other directedness and over-vigilance/inhibition schemas (β = 0. 260) at 0. 01 confidence level. Conclusion: These results imply that through teaching proper relation patterns of parent-child, we can prevent the formation of maladaptive schemas and avoid its resulting damages.

Aim: The purpose of study was to determine the mediator role of cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being in women with breast cancer. Method: The research method was correlational and the statistic population were all women with breast cancer or under the auspices of the Yas Charity Foundation and Jawad Alamea Specialty Clinic in Kerman city with at least once undergone surgery in 2017, with the quantity of 413. Among which 215 people were selected through targeted sampling and individually answered to Mindful Attention Awareness Scale by Brown & Ryan (2003), Garnefski, Kraaij, & Spinhoven Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2001) and Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale (1989). After exclusion of 14 distortion questionnaires and 1 outlier data the data was analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: The results showed that in the P=0. 001 level the total and direct path coefficient between mindfulness and psychological wellbeing (β =0. 384) and positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and psychological well-being (β =0. 582) is significant and positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies mediates the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being variables (β =-0. 259). Conclusion: These results suggest that mindfulness can affect the mental well-being of women with breast cancer by the use of positive strategies cognitive emotion regulation; therefore it is recommended that women with breast cancer be treated in environments full of calmness and adequate support and by providing services such as mindfulness so that they can promote their psychological well-being using positive cognitive regulation strategies.

Aim: Purpose of this study was to determine the structural model of the effect of customer’ s psychological investment on the changes in rubbed satisfaction with the mediating role of the customer's perceived risk. Methods: The research method was correlational and the statistical population consisted of all buyers and visitors of appliance stores in the City of Mashhad in North Eastern Iran (N= five million according to 2017 census). To determine the sample size, Cochran’ s formula was used and Customers’ Psychological Investment Questionnaire (Bü gel, Buunk, and Verhoef, 2010), Customer’ s Rubbed Satisfaction Questionnaire (Sunderland, Berg, and Ringbo, 2014) and Customer's Perceived Risk Questionnaire (Sun, 2014) were distributed among 360 participants in different areas of the 17 municipality districts of Mashhad and after deletion of outlier data, 354 questionnaires with correlation and structural equation modeling (SEM) were analyzed. Results: Results indicated that customer’ s psychological investment had a positive and significant effect on satisfaction (β =0. 59) and perceived risk (β =0. 58). In addition, perceived risk (β =0. 53) had a direct and positive effect on customer’ s rubbed satisfaction. Furthermore, customer’ s perceived risk (β =0. 30) had a mediating role in the relationship between customer psychological investments and customer’ s rubbed satisfaction satisfaction. Conclusion: Since rubbed satisfaction is affects both customers’ psychological investment and perceived risk, in order to prevent losing satisfied customers, appliance stores, should decrease their perceived risk and not increase their psychological investment.

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of Mindedness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on reducing the symptoms of depression, rumination, and emotion regulation in pregnant women. Method: A quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and a one month followup with control group was used. The statistical population included 500 pregnant women referred to health centers in the town of Ghorveh in Sanandaj province in Iran who were one to six months pregnant. Through available sampling method, 263 women who met the inclusion criteria were selected and out if these, 30 participants were randomly assigned to two groups of MBCT or control. Research tools were Beck’ s (1996) Depression Inventory-II, Rumination Response Scale (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003) and the MBCT program which was adapted from Segal, Williams, & Teasdale (2018) and Dimidjian, Goodman, Felder, Gallop, Brown, & Beck (2016). This was administered to the experimental group during eight weekly, 90-minute sessions and collected data was analyzed using mixed model repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: Findings showed that MBCT had a significant effect on improving depression symptoms (F= 55. 06, P= 0. 001), rumination (F= 25. 88, P= 0. 001), and emotion regulation subscales including cognitive reappraisal (F= 9. 27, P= 0. 02), and suppression (F= 4. 69, P= 0. 036), and treatment gains were maintained at follow-up. Conclusion: This method can be used as a low-cost and effective treatment for the treatment of emotional disorders and improving the psychological status of pregnant women.

Aim: The present research aimed to compare the effectiveness of therapy based on improving quality of life (QoL) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on increasing the happiness of female teachers. Method: Research method was quasi-experimental using pretest, post-test and a three month follow up with control group. The statistical population included all 800 married female teachers who were working in the City of Abhar Education Authority in the academic year 2017-18. 260 participants were selected by systematic random sampling and responded to the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire )Argyle, Martin, and Krassland, 1989( and then from the 124 who scored below 43, 45 subjects were selected randomly and divided into three groups, consisting of 15 participants each. One group received ACT Hayes & Strosahl (2010(; another group received QoL based therapy Frish (2016) and a third received no therapy at all (the control group). Participants took part in eight sessions of 90 minutes duration each held once a week. Data was analyzed using mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures. Results: Results showed that both therapy programs significantly increased teachers’ total scores of happiness as well as life satisfaction (F= 94. 08), positive mood (F= 19. 19), health efficacy (F= 56. 68) and self-esteem (F= 48. 55) at the 0. 01 level. Follow-up analyses showed that these results remained stable after three months. No significant difference was found between the two experimental groups. Conclusion: Since quality of life therapy emphasizes the promotion of happiness and life satisfaction, and ACT leads to psychological flexibility and commitment, these two methods can be applied as effective intervention methods to increase happiness of teachers.

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to determine the factors affecting the quality of dormitory physical environment. Methods: The research method was correlational and the statistical population has consisted of all female students living in dormitories who totally were 1648 people. The sample size calculation based on Kline’ s (2015) recommendation of 2. 5– 5 cases per parameter demonstrated that for the 29 parameters the sample size required was 150. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 172 female students of the dormitory of Shahid Beheshti University, from October to December 2018. Bachelor, Master and PhD students were selected using cluster sampling method. The respondents were selected from 24 different disciplines and and from faculties of Humanities, Social Sciences, Natural Sciences and Engineering. The students’ residential satisfaction questionnaire was completed by all participants. Respondents ranked their responses among each of the variables by using Likert scale. 150 questionnaires were included in the final analysis after exclusion of 22 questionnaires with missing data. To process information and identify categories of items of questionnaires, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used and five major factors of residential satisfaction in dormitories have been extracted according to the students’ opinion. Results: Results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between residential satisfaction and physical criteria of interior spaces and functions (r=0. 361, P=0. 01), management and health services (r=0. 475, P=0. 01), aesthetics and natural lighting (r=0. 498, P=0. 01), security and social relation (r=0. 141, P=0. 05) and nature relation (r=0. 225, P=0. 01). Conclusion: Based on the findings, we conclude that the evaluation of effective factors on satisfaction in dormitory spaces may be useful in the designers’ decision to improve the quality of student housing. As a consequence, the conversion of these qualitative criteria into architectural design suggestions is needed to reduce the present problems of students’ dormitories.