Geography and Environmental Planning
Year:2017 | Volume:28 | Issue:2 (66) |Papers Count:12

Housing is a multi-dimensional structure, and it has, economical, social and environmental aspects in addition to physical features. In fact, all these aspects form performance and acceptance of housing. Housing planning for low-income groups, has been one of the major challenges in developing countries. But, the low-income housing is seen only a roof over head in most cases, due to technical and financial constraints. The Mehr housing plan is one of the most expensive low-income housing policies in Iran. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of these policies (with regard to the sustainability of the housing) and to create a measure for evaluating its performance. This research is a descriptive and analytical type. Data collection was done by two survey and library methods. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS software. The multiple and linear regression models, as well as T-test were used. The results showed that the average of all the indicators is below the mean in the fourth level of the model and accessibility sub-criterion has been minimum average among others. Only the quantitative dimension is equal to theoretical average in the third level conceptual model of research. In the second level of model, only the economic dimension has been mediocre. The sustainability housing index (which is a combination of four dimensions), is lower than the average in the first level of model. In addition, the results of the regression analysis showed that housing sustainability and its sub-criteria were affected the Mehr housing performance indicators greatly.

Desert pavement is prominent features of many geomorphic surfaces in arid and semi-arid lands of world and has a significant effect on soil conservation against wind erosion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to simulate the estimation of wind erosion in the surface of desert pavements in Bardsir district of Kerman using statistical methods. In this regard, the most important parameters of erosion of desert pavements such as total depositional weight, depth of deposition under 2 mm, depth of deposition over 2 mm, surface depositional weight, and surface coverage, along with 5 transects and 15 points via field sampling method were measured. Then, by analyzing them, simple and multiple regression analyzes were performed by analyzing and modeling the components. The results show that there is a maximum significant relationship between the depth of depositional components over 2 mm and the surface deposition mass for all linear, grade 2, and grade 3 relationships, which R square of the models is 0.918, and their Std. error of estimate is 0.182, 0.189 and 0.198, respectively. Also, the results of multiple modeling include the maximum significant relationship between total depositional weight, depth depositional depth below 2 mm, depth of deposition depth of 2 mm, and surface depositional weight with each other, with a coefficient of explanation of 1 and an estimated error of 0 000 on the surface and the level of significance is 0.99. Finally, in order to estimate the amount of erosion from the surface of the plain, models have been designed and presented as useful tools for environmental managers and planners, and represent the trend and behavioral pattern of the landscape of the desert pavements. The results represent the environmental management of desert pavement system from viewpoint of the condition and function of wind deflation. It shows the present situation than the ideal and desirable situation.

Evapotranspiration is one of the most effective components of a catchment water balance in arid and semiarid regions of the world. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of the estimation of actual evapotranspiration of different land uses in the surface energy balance algorithm (Sebal) Special mountainous regions of the FAO Penman-Monteith compared with the values calculated by a combination of MODIS and Landsat 8 images at the same time in Malayer city. Sebal algorithm estimates the energy component of the surface net radiation flux, soil heat flux and sensible heat flux to calculate the evapotranspiration instantly and daily. In this study, the eight images of MODIS and Landsat select from 2005 to 2013 at the same time. Meteorological data used include maximum temperature, minimum temperature, relative humidity, sunshine and wind speed were extracted during this period from Malayer synoptic station. To investigate the relationship between the amount of actual evapotranspiration and land use were used by the Zonal Statistic method. The results showed that the estimated daily average of evapotranspiration has 0.43 percent difference between FAO Penman-Monteith method and Sebal, therefore accuracy of Sebal algorithm can be acceptable. The land use map was provided by object oriented approach with 88% accuracy and kappa coefficient. The minimum and maximum amount of ETR are irrigated farming and residential. The largest standard deviation of ETR is rangeland and the lowest SD is water bodies.

The research method was descriptive-survey and its purpose was to assess the quality of life in rural of Ravansar Township. The population of this research is total household tutelars of 95 villages which their population was above 20 households. So, 379 questionnaires, which their validity and reliability was confirmed by scientific approaches, were distributed among 95 of rural settlements. To analyze data and display rural settlements quality of life, SPSS and GIS softwares were used, respectively. The results showed that situation of quality of life, with a mean of 2.14 and standard deviation of 0.84 is an unsuitable situation among rural settlements. Calculations of variance analysis suggested that there is a significant difference among 95 of sample settlements in terms of quality of life. The results of the analyses using Cluster Analysis regarding the present inequality among rural settlements showed that 6 percent of total settlements (with a mean of 3.48 of quality of life) are located in the first cluster, 15 percent of total settlements (with a mean of 2.63 of quality of life) in the second cluster and 79 percent of total settlements (with a mean of 1.95 of quality of life) in the third cluster, respectively. Spatial display of quality of life indicated that there is a low quality of life in the studied area. The results of identification of quality of life determinants, using Multi Variable Regression, also showed that 7 of independent variables calculated around 75.6 percent of total dependent variance. These independent variables are: status of economic-social, ownership of capital oriented resources, household dimension, access to services and facilities, access to credits, supportive policies and management factors.

The Mediterranean trough is the main and important climatic factor affecting the climate of Iran during the cold season. In this work, a daily data analysis of 12 GMT was used during the period 1980 to 2010 and in the spatial range of 12.5 to 70 degrees east and 12.5 to 70 degrees north with a spatial resolution of 2.5 × 2.5 degrees. These data were obtained from the NCEP-NCER's US Environmental Data Site. This study was selected every year from October to March of the following year as a cold season. The main component analysis tool and T mode were used. The resulting matrix in the analysis of the main components has 576 rows representing the points and 186 columns representing the days of each year. The results of main component analysis showed that there were between 6 and 9 components each year. In this study, only the first component was selected was entered into the Arc Gis software. The results showed that the Mediterranean trough axis was driven 9 degrees westwards in the 30 years, and this magnitude increased from equator to pole, and it was found that changes in the Mediterranean trough occurred due to longitudinal, transverse, and high elevations.

Nowadays, desertification is one of the ecological crises of the world. To control desertification, having a clear understanding of its factors and processes is necessary. Desertification is defined as the reduction of biomass potential and degradation of environmental resources and ecosystems which affects regional and cross-regional levels of human life. The degradation of ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas on the one hand and unnecessary exploitation of humans, on the other hand, have led to the erosion of deserts and made them an acute problem at the national level. Its solution is to predict the changes occurring in the natural environment with continuous monitoring and meta-analysis. The aim of this study is to compare Nebkas in the Chah Jam Erg, and to introduce the most appropriate type for quicksand stabilization, using analysis of Nebka morphometric parameters, via ELECTRE algorithm. This algorithm is one of the methods of multiple criteria decision making, that combines the quantitative and qualitative indicators and weights according to importance of each criterion, can help decision makers to choose the best alternative. To this end, first, the most important morphometric parameters of 462 Nebkas from Astragalus Gummife, Seidlitzia florida, Tamarix Macatensis, Zygophyllum Eurypterum, Alhagi Mannifera, Salsola rigida and Haloxylon types were measured by linear sampling in field. Then, the studied Nebkas were prioritized using comparative evaluation by ELECTRE algorithm. The results showed that Tamarix Macatensis and Haloxylon Nebkas, with weight of 4, had the highest effect in stabilization of quicksand. Astragalus Gummife and Alhagi Mannifera Nebkas, with weight of -6, had the least importance. Therefore, for implementation of stabilization projects of mobile sands in study area, developing Tamarix Macatensis and Haloxylon Nebka systems have the highest of importance and efficiency. The results of this study will be beneficial in systemic management of desert regions and stabilization projects of quicksand.

Inappropriate infrastructure of residential units and socioeconomic inequalities between cities and villages have caused spatial disruption in the country's residential network and has constantly increased their vulnerability to natural disasters. In this regard, this research attempts to zone the risk areas of Ardebil province using fuzzy logic. The results of seismic hazard zonation show that hazardous areas are located near faults and rocks that are resistant to earthquake. It is worth mentioning that almost large parts of the area are located in the north and south, and in particular in the Hir area, in a high-risk zone. Only small parts in the west are located in a low-risk area. Also, based on the obtained map, the western and southeastern parts of the region, with features such as steep slopes and dense waterways, show the highest degree of vulnerability due to amplitude movements. Also, according to the map the northern region near the northwest to the west and southeast within the Hir district, there is the most intense soil erosion. In general, the final map of hazard zonation in the studied area indicates that parts of the northwest and southeast of the region are in high risk zones.

Forecasting temperature as one of the important climatic parameters plays a major role in climate change research. Therefore, in this study, the surface data of the average daily temperature of selected stations in the Caspian Sea (Anzali, Gorgan, Rasht, Babolsar and Ramsar) and the data of Geopotential height of level of 500 hPa whose data were extracted from the website NCEP/DOE under the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Organization in hours 00: 00, 03: 00, 06: 00, 09: 00, 12: 00, 15: 00, 18: 00, and 21: 00 in the Zulu. During the period from 01/01/1979 to 01/01/2011 AD, four observation days per day were extracted from the NCEP / DOE website for the whole of the northern hemisphere, and then the correlation between the average daily temperature and geopotential data of the 500 hPa equilibrium was calculated throughout the northern hemisphere. The results of the correlation showed that the US with 28, the northern China with 30, Africa with 53 and at last, Japan with 69 pixels have the most pixels. In general, in the northern hemisphere, there are 180 points whose correlation with the temperature of selected station is very high. Also, the forecasting model of stations shows that for each geopotential meter increase, the average daily temperatures of the stations of Anzali, Gorgan, Rasht, Babolsar, and Ramsar increases as 0.1, 1.1, 0.1, 0.1, and 0.1 respectively.

In this research, the impact of sea surface temperature on precipitation variation in southern part of Iran is examined using monthly data from meteorological and water resource institute during 1974-2005. The majority of precipitation occurs during the rainy season from October to May. Regional spatial precipitation on variability was identified by Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF), applied to deterended monthly precipitation anomaly data. The first and second components, which determine 54 to 82.7% of the variance of the total precipitation from October to May were selected for the study. To study the rainfall variations, SST anomaly, moisture flux, geo-potential height and sea level pressure were analyzed for wet and dry years of first and second mode of EOF. The pattern of sea surface temperature anomaly for wet and dry years shows that the sea surface temperature of Indian Ocean has an important role on precipitation variation over the south part of Iran. In the first mode of EOF which represent 50% of total variance the positive (negative) sea surface temperature anomaly is in the East (west) part of Indian Ocean during wet (dry) years and it is associated with the equatorial easterly (westerly) moisture flux anomaly. In the second mode of EOF the SST anomaly over the Arabian Sea is positive in the wet years but it is a non-dominant feature for the dry years. The Arabian anticyclone has an important role to transfer moisture in lower level of atmosphere from southern water bodies to the cyclone near Iran and displacement of the Arabian anticyclone to westward (eastward) transports more moisture from southern water bodies to the western, south western (southern and south eastern) parts of Iran.

Cities are always centers for innovation and creativity, and today the world is witnessing a jump to a better quality of life, and trying to improve the quality of life is one of the main goals of its development. In this way, focusing on cities as the main players is very important. Each of the urban settlements of Ardabil province has the capability to become a creative city due to its historical background, rich culture, ethnic diversity, borderline location, holding numerous festivals and having many traditional foods. The purpose of this study was to assess the status and distribution of the indicators of a creative city via using the multi-criteria and decision-making models in the city of Ardabil. The research method of is descriptive-analytical through utilizing TOPSIS model, VIKOR and Shannon Entropy Index.earch, urban settlements bil province have been ranked and graded according to 26 indicators of the creative city indexes. The results of the stud-ity and there is a great gap between the-based on the TOPSIS the indicators of the creative city is related to the urban settlements of Ardabil, Meshkinshahr and Parsabad, and the least amount of access to these indicators is related to the urban se ttle ments of Kosar and Naye r.