Geography and Environmental Planning
Year:2009 | Volume:20 | Issue:3 (35)|Papers Count:13

If we realize that the Geomorphology is the science of survey of land geometry and form and it is also the science of changes & evolutions, the first step to the understanding of the concepts of geographical space is to be come acquainted with the principles of geometry. In Euclidian geometry, forms and features are considered the combination of points, lines and areas, which are defined in two or three dimensions. This geometry, which has a long history in the observational and experimental realms has been faced with serious shortcomings and challenges today.Riemann proposed ultra - dimensional geometry theory in 1854, which led into 4 & 10 dimensional geometry. This geometry theory caused so many new conditions in the physicists' researches for interpretation of Spatial - temporal changes that the Euclidian geometry principles were not able to sufficiently and correctly analyze and interpret them. Such an ultra-dimensional geometry was nominated "Spatial geometry." Ultradimensional geometry laid another foundation in physics and the physicists converted from classical (Newtonian) physics to quantum physics.Applications of Spatial geometry in geomorphic system brought about revolution in the bases of two classical approaches in geomorphology (Davisian - process) and gave birth to a new geomorphology theory which is called systemic geomorphology. The introduction of spatial geomorphology theory and radical changes in scale concept and perception level have procured new concepts such as Riemann and Fractal geometry, ergodicity, chaotic theory(chaos), dynamic equilibrium, temporal-spatial dynamism, palimpsest (or overprint), chorems, two - value system for the analysis and interpretation of geomorphic methodology and research. This approach can explain formation of buried soils and palaeosols, pedogenesis of argillic horizon in past humid & cold climates, its continuation it into new warm and arid zone, presence of old fan under new fans and survey of bahada and coalescing fans and polymorphism. This article has been extracted from a research project at the University of Isfahan.

This paper aims at determining the degree of development of urban places of East Azerbaijan province and analyzing the trend of regional inequalities of the province in 1365-1385. The study area consists of urban places of East Azerbaijan province in 1365-1385. The method of the study is descriptive-analytical. The study consists of thirty nine indices including health, culture, economy, infrastructure, housing, sport, and finally combination of these indices that by using factor analysis and Morris methods examined the degree of development as well as ranking of the regions. Furthermore, by using cluster analysis method the urban places of East Azerbaijan province have been grouped in three levels as developed, developing and deprived. With respect to the indices of study and in spite of unbalancing development between urban places of the province, gap and divergence in 1385 is declining compared to 1365 and a relative balance can be seen in the indices under study between the urban places of East Azerbaijan Province.

With the development of city centers and urbanization, the interest in tourism and traveling has increased. The interested people, called tourists, have improved and perfected their leisure pastime in all over the world. Thus paying due attention to the nature of tourism and its relevant results has proven the study and research about this topic a necessity in the scientifically developed societies. The current investigation attempts to study the role and position of multi - dimensional planning in developing tourism and ecotourism of Khoor and Tabas zones. In spite of having several tourist attractions, this zone has lots of privations which demand serious consideration. It is necessary to have some plans in this area in order to develop tourism and ecotourism. In this study, the method of research is a collection of historic, descriptive, documental and field items. The data are completed via the field studies and questionnaires. Having produced the data, they are analyzed by SPSS micro soft. Besides, some other Microsoft like Corel Draw and excel were used. The results of this study indicate that the multi - dimensional planning has a very effective role in developing tourism industry in this area.Moreover, the only way to rectify the privations and use the different capacities of Khoor and Tabas is to have an overall view and also a multi - dimensional planning.

Topography and geography variables including altitude, latitude, distance from moist source and other topographical variables such as slope, direction of valleys and distance from obstructive barrier in eight geographical directions have been considered in order to study the relationship between precipitation and geography and topography characteristics of eastern and western slopes of Talesh Mountains. The 26-year (1981-2006) precipitation statistics in 41 climatology and rain - measuring station of the region have been used in this research. Topography-geography variables extracted through 1:50000, 1:100000 and 1:250000 topographical maps of the region. Correlation coefficients between topography - geography variables have been calculated with event type of annual and seasonal precipitation at Eastern and western slopes and forecast equations of region rains have been prepared by employing stepwise regression method. The results show that the amount of precipitation at Eastern slopes of Talesh are much higher than that of the western slopes and Talesh mountains act as a barrier against Khazar rains and prevent the penetration of humidity toward western slopes of Talesh. Elevation variable has a positive relationship with precipitation at western slopes and a negative one at eastern slopes. Also, effects of topographical variables vary with geographical directions. The findings of the research demonstrate that topographical variables were more effective at eastern slopes of Talesh than the western ones. We can observe the least effect of topographical and geographical factors on precipitations at both slopes in winter.

Based on studies done so far and according to rainfalls' durability time, the rate of damages caused by flood in smaller basins is higher than larger ones. To survey flood conditions in this basin, we analysed less than 24-hours showers and single thunders. The rate of density in different return periods and durability time, equal to concentrate time, was estimated through accounting relations. Farsan basin is a part of the great Karoon basin. This basin with a population of 60000 is economically dependent on agriculture (farming and gardening). The lands under irrigation are all located on the Farsan river terraces, and every year they are badly affected by flood event; thus the lands and water resources are threatened. Moreover, it has affected the economical progress of this area. According to the amount of the density and discharge of the rainfall, the following crisis strategies are proposed: performing biological operations in the heights, building reservoir dams, controlling the river bank, preventing and decreasing the rate of agricultural-economical damage caused by such floods.

According to the specific conditions of developing countries and increasing urbanization rate and related problems; rural development has a double importance. Rural development is the strategy which is led to increase self - confidence, creativity and empowerment of rural settlers, especially poor people. This paper has studied the participation of Yaylaq pastoralists in developmental projects and related challenges in Dishmook district, Dehdasht County, Kohkilooieh and Boierahmad Province in Iran. The qualitative research and grounded theory method were used and the technique of Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) was employed for data collection. The data were collected through observation and semi-structured Review. Reliability of study was provided by noting the important points of review and creating the suitable interaction between the researcher and the participants and the validity of research was provided by "participant feedback" strategy. Also to increase the reliability and validity, "data triangulation" strategy was used. Random Purposive Sampling was used and Totally 9 villages from 3 villages were investigated. According to the findings, contrary to the previous researcher's attitudes, rural people had a very high participation tendency although they were very poor. To buy and to donate land for school construction free of charge, participation in building roads were among the most important evidences of rural participation. Nevertheless, despite the rural people's high tendency towards participation, suitable infrastructures for the continuation of voluntary cooperation in agricultural and other anti - poverty projects had not been appropriately planned and prepared. The major cause of this dilemma was the lack of local empowering organizations including Community Based Organizations (CBOs), Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and the centre of agricultural extension and services. For improvement of the rural livelihood and access to rural and agricultural development, it is suggested that local institutions, especially the centre of agricultural extension and services, to be established and supported.

Applied geomorphology is concerned with sufficient sustaining in natural landscape, mitigating natural hazards, minimizing and adjusting the environmental change. One of the most important landscapes in arid land is nebkha dunes. Nebkha has been formed as a function of wind regime, biological aspect and sediment supply. Understanding complex ecogeomorphological relationships is applied in predicting the likely success of climate change, investigating the effects of changes in land use and reconstructing condition responsible for the formation and stabilization of relief systems. This paper has evaluated the relationship between morphology parameters of Ta.ma, Re.tu and Al.ma, and nebkha morphometry with multivariate linear regression in Khair Abad desert in Sirjan basin. The effective parameters on Ta.ma and Re.tu nebkha height in are canopy cover, length and branch diameter with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.72 and 0.74 for to selected models. Best illustration characteristics for horizontal component were found canopy and branch diameter for Ta.ma nebkha and canopy cover and plant length , for Re.tu for R2 of 0.655 and 0.531. On Al.ma only canopy cover has satisfied for determining of nebkha height and horizontal component with R2 value of 0.586, 0.625. The slope of nebkha dune has been formed only one model for Ta.ma nebkha with R2 of 0.464.Result showed is a strong relationship between nebkha forms and plant growth forms. That it state different function of plant species. Intensity of relationship was related to adaptation of nebkha species mechanisms.

Assessment of relative active tectonic in every region is very important. The pass of Tabriz North Fault from central part of Ojan - chai basin and the condensation of 20th century earthquake focals in this basin, has provide suitable field to study of active faults in northeast of Sahand mountain. The goal of this paper, is the assessment of relative active tectonic using of morphometic analysis in Ojan - chai basin. It uses the digital topography maps, geological maps, GIS (Arc/GIS and Arc/View), seismography and historical data. The results of morphometic analysis show that tectonic activities in Ojan - chai basin is high. Condensation of 20th century siesmic focals the around of faults in this region accept tectonic activities in Ojan-chai basin.

In this study, the mean monthly wind speed and wind energy potential for 11 synoptic stations in Isfahan province have been calculated and analyzed on the basis of hourly wind speed data over the climatic period of 1992-2005. Mean monthly wind power has been estimated by fitting hybrid Weibull and inverse Gaussian distributions to hourly wind speed data and also by using direct method. The results showed that the wind speed during the cold months (November, December and January) is lower than the other months.With regard to the onset of early spring (April), the wind speed increases gradually over the area and decreasing trend starts in September. Estimated wind energy for selected stations showed that during the period of low wind speed, the wind power density has declined to below 60 w/m2. The Wind energy power increases due to the increase of wind speed with the onset of February to the point that it amounts to 60 w/m2 in Ardestan, Naien, Kabootarabad and to over 140 w/m2 in Shahreza. Wind energy power in association with decreasing of wind speed decreases after April, except in Ardestan. Generally, among the stations in the region, Khorbiabanak, Daran and Natanz are envisaged with low wind speed and wind energy. The pattern of monthly wind power in Ardestan is different with respect to the other stations.