Honarhaye Ziba- Honarhaye Memari va SHahrsazi
Year:2012 | Volume:17 | Issue:1|Papers Count:8

Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture، people and economic activity. The aspects of globalization can be classified in four dimensions: social and cultural globalization، economic globalization on، political globalization and globalization of law. A review of recent urban and regional studies shows that these studies has affected from globalization literature in past three decades after the universal use of global/world city term. At this situation، world-wide urbanization and emergence of city-regions and other types of urban settlements- like metropolis، megalopolis، mega cities، etc.- has formed new types of governance frameworks for city-regions that has been called metropolitan governance. The review of metropolitan governance models show the diversity and variety of these models. This paper classifies the effects of globalization on metropolitan governance in four aspects: 1-emergence of new local and global actors and new types of political participation، 2-evoloution in urban governance in the shadows of urban competitiveness، 3-increasing importance of restructuring and rescaling in territorial governance and 4- importance of sustainable development with a focus on urban livability and spatial justice. According to this، present paper suggests a framework for good metropolitan governance in the globalization era. The Basis of this framework has found on four principles: 1-to increase urban competitiveness، 2-to play an active and effective role in city diplomacy and global governance، 3-to enhance livability and spatial justice level and 4-integrated and good governance. This paper focuses on restrictions and limitations that Tehran faces in globalization era. The paper also describes the crucial challenges of Tehran Metropolitan Region arrangements for governance (political and functional fragmentation) and attempts that have carried out for coping with those challenges.It shows that Tehran with a population of about 12 million is one of important capitals in the Middle East and has a dominant role in national transactions but it has recognized as a non-global city. Different studies confirm this too. With the criteria of GAWC Research group Tehran has minimal evidence of world city formation but it is not a global city. Also Tehran has classified as a member of "black holes" and it in the typology of non-global cities as a "resisting city" .Also some studies show that Tehran has not started globalization process and as the process develops، Tehran more and more stays behind it. Finally the paper focuses on opportunities and challenges of good metropolitan governance in Tehran in the globalization era. The paper shows that because of the resistance and unwillingness of Iran central government to play a more active role in the global domain، policy making to achieve a better situation for Tehran in the global system has been ignored for years. This paper describes that even non-global cities need a clear and integratedurban governance strategy to play a more effective role in global era to maximize the positive effects and minimize the negative impacts of globalization. Because of this، the papers offer that Tehran should follow the suggested framework for good metropolitan governance.

Since the excess attention to the performance in the modern view has faded out many aspects of cognitive architecture in relation with the audience، the loss of meaning in society today became more important. The postmodern perspective، which was emerged to cover the shortcomings of modern view، due to its excessive attention to the physical aspects of semantics، failed to provide a comprehensive view to give a sense of Place to the architectural places. Also، the quantitative development of human societies and facility and physical space expansion، caused meaning requirements in physical spaces. Therefore، the quality of spaces and conceptual and mental properties which creates the meaning of spaces has been attracted designers and managers. Cognitive signs enhance the relationship between audience and architectural space; and bring the sense of belonging to the place. Studying the defining factors is an efficient way to induce a feeling of familiarity to architectural space and the use of semiotics principles is one of the best solutions on how to make spaces meaningful. With presentation of the concept of “Death of the Author”، knowing the perception of signs as a creative issue، the importance of the semiotic in art and architecture become more and more evident. Nowadays، architecture as an intersection of art and science، with the goal of improving the quality of places، is widely deal with the ideas complicated issues of semiotic. Concepts such as visualization، interpretation and hermeneutics، design etc. which are the outcomes of semiotic science in different field of art، has a great impact in explanation of architectural issues. Since signs، include meanings due to the connotation between signifier and signified، they can play an important role in sense of place of architectural space and enhancement of the quality space and its conversion to a favored place. Constructional and social semiotic designers emphasize on the text signs. Regarding this approach، signs which are influenced by culture، society، religion، or any other psychological signs، are effective in visualization and receiving the concepts of any places. Semiotics principles of cognitive science which is rooted in many cognitive sciences، relying on the concept of connotation causes the relationship between architectural spaces with the audience. So the different aspects of the syndrome of functional، structural and semantic are considered simultaneously in the form of architectural space، can step in and make space meaningful and create the sense of place for the audience. This study examines the role of signs in the perception of architectural space and its role in improving semantic concepts of sense of place. Thus، after studying the various features of the sign with the structuralist view، the nature of symbols in architecture and how it relates to the architecture and the way of perception of concepts is studied. Since the "sense of Place" is one of the most important criteria of the quality of the architectural space، the role of the symbolic meanings in creating the sense of place has been investigated with the phenomenological approach.

Despite various researches on different aspects of world heritage sites in Iran approved by UNESCO، little has been done on the landscapes of these valuable sites and complexes and their importance in achieving place identity. This is whilst the landscape of each complex is a valuable resource، and is similar to the work itself in need of conservation and maintenance. The importance of this issue coupled with the existing issues in the landscape of world heritage complexes including accessibility، activities، furnishing and lighting، make conservation and planning of cultural landscapes and valuable monuments inevitable. This research endeavors to study the landscape of Maydane Naghshe Jahan by literary sources together with field survey and observation. In the line of the study، the historical landscape of the maydan has been compared to the existing landscape of the maydan. There are various entrance to the maydan in Safavid era، some of them were more important than others . Qeysarieh Bazaar in the north was the main entrance to the maydan and Ali Qapoo entrance and Hassan Abad in the west and north –south respectively . As Qeysarieh Bazaar related maydan to the historical core of the city ( Maydane Kohneh)، it was the most important entrance to the maydane Naghshe Jahan . So the builders considered its unique character and designed it to show its significance. The only entrance covering the whole cultural landscape of the complex is the entrance through Qeysarieh Bazaar، which highlights the quality of the square as a world heritage site. The study shows that visual qualities of this entrance have been captured through creating spatial contrast and beautiful landscapes. These design techniques helped to increase the uniqueness of the entrance from narrow، closed and busy views of bazaar to vast، opened and calm landscape of the Masjed – Imam in the other side of the maydan and to its natural environment of mountains in background. Despite the importance of this entrance and its sensibility to surrounding changes، it can be said that the most problematic area of the site of maydan is the entrance to the maydan through Qeysarieh Bazaar، unfortunately. From Pahlavid era to the current time many changes occurred in this area such as constructing different streets، leading motorized traffic in front of the bazaar to pass the maydan ، deteriorating the function of the bazaar as the main pedestrian area to the maydan، traffic conjunction in the north of the maydan، unsafe pedestrian areas together with visual disorders has caused that essential design values of the past has been neglected in the current situation. Although the many mentioned changes in the maydan، its surroundings and the historical texture of Isfahan have reduced the importance and originality of the landscapes of the main entrances to the maydan but a proper visual planning and management of the maydan can help to reduce the unattractive views and create better landscapes. The conclusion of this study is focused on some planning strategies for maintaining the originality and health of the landscape of the main entrance to the Maydane Naghshe Jahan.

Vaulting (roof) is a covering surface at the top of the space. Richness and variety of vaulting in Iran's architecture differ from those in other cultures. In Persian literature applying the term "Aseman-eh", which means ceiling and is rooted in the word "Aseman" or sky, indicates the ethereal aspect of the Iranian ceilings. This fact appeared particularly in Safavid era that a symbolic articulation governed the absence and appearance of architecture. This paper aims at analyzing the symbolic meaning of vaulting in Safavid era. This is achieved through collecting liberal and field data from seven cases of vaultings in Safavid buildings. Cases are selected from great mosques and schools that had been more influenced by spiritual and cultural aspects of Safavid society. These cases are obtained from Jami Mosque of Isfahan, Chahār Bāgh School (Shah School), Sheykh Lofolah Mosque and Hakim Mosque. First of all, each case is introduced by means of applied symbols in forms, ornaments, cityscape, and lighting. Subsequently their meanings are suggested based on the historical liberal documents. Finally, qualitative analysis (comparing) of the symbols and their meaning results in for layers of meaning.The first layer of meanings is the concept of "sky" that is realized from the curved form and central geometry of domes and is repeated in pre Islam as well as after Islam eras of Iranian architecture. In Safavid era, the natural meaning of sky elevates to an ethereal one. General structure of form and geometrical characteristics of space beneath domes, result in the meaning of "Unity" as the second layer. A balanced and symmetrical space that greatly emphasizes on the vertical axe on the center of domed chamber articulates the massage of moving from multiplicity to unity. To develop these two concepts, the meaning of "paradise" appears. Embodiment of this meaning came to view in wall ornaments of previous mosques, but in Safavid era considering the comment application of Haft-Rang tiling, this concept manifests in vaulting. Consequently, internal and external surfaces of vaultings are covered with arabesque patterns intermingled with colorful flowers in a ultramarine background. The most elevated meaning of vaulting in this era is the meaning of "Shiite Perfect Man" that is the reality of the paradise and is referred to Imam Ali (pbuh) in Shiite wisdom. This meaning is embodied in the great domes, in the heart of spiritual spaces and extended from domed chamber to the Jami Mosque or School and from there throughout the entire city spaces. The result of this paper indicates that In Safavid era a galaxy of new Shiite concepts completes and enriches the meaning of vaulting. Consequently, besides two meanings of "The sky" and "unity" belonged to domes of previous eras of Islamic architecture, two new meanings of "Paradise" and "Shiite Perfect Man" came in to view. Not only are not these newly appeared meanings contradictory, but also they are compatible, in harmony and complete previous ideas.

Thermal resistance of the external walls of buildings is highly important for reducing and optimizing the energy consumption needed for heating and cooling the buildings. Identifying and evaluation of the thermal performance of common external wall systems can be very effective in improving the heat resistance. The hollow clay- block system extremely are in use in the Iran construction system, then optimizing the heat resistant of them could be highly effective on energy consumption at building part in Iran . In this paper, the hollow clay-block systems, which are commonly used in the world and especially in Iran, have been investigated in thermal performance. At first, the researches on the shape of the clay blocks that evaluate the heat transfer rate have been mentioned. Then the effects of each of the three modes of heat transfer, namely conduction, convection and radiation are investigated in The 3 most common types of clay blocks used in the external wall systems in Iran. They have been simulated in FlUENT software and the quality and quantity of thermal performances of them are extracted and compared with the results. All of the effective parameter in the modeling and calculating process at the 3 models were supposed as same. Thus the result could indicate the important effect of the geometry of the blocks on their heat resistance. Finally, the analysis results propose optimal solutions for the design of clay blocks. Increasing the pass of the heat transfer from high temperature side to low temperature side, decreasing the internal partitions that directly go through the heat transfer vector; they work as a bypass, increasing the internal partition that cut through the heat transfer vector, they prevent from radiation heat transfer and reduce perimeter of the hollows; it lessen velocity magnitude of convection in the hollows. Not using rectangular profile for hollows help to reducing heat transfer through radiation. Using insulation in clay blocks changes the percent of heat transfer from conduction, convection and radiation; it grows up the conduction rate and reduces convection and radiation and finally increases the thermal resistance. The material that sticks hollow clay blocks together also works as a bypass, thus if it were removed from the wall system; the thermal behavior and resistance became highly optimized. All of the shape optimizing process could rises the weight of the hollow clay block and it is a negative factor. The weight of hollow clay blocks and its thickness are two of most important parameter that effect on thermal behavior of hollow clay blocks. The material and its parameter as density and radiation factor are also highly effective on thermal resistance, but in this paper they weren’t involved because we want to study the shape and geometry of the hollow clay block and to reach some proposes to optimize and improve their thermal resistance. The proposals if combine with a newer system of assembling of wall component will achieve better results.

This research aims to explain utopian components in the opinions of scholars of Iran constitution. Changing of the relationship between Iran and west in the constitution period and advent of enlightened renovation thoughts caused to changing of Iranian ideal thoughts approach into utopian concept. Ideal thoughts in Iran in encountering western civilization manifestation by clear attitudes clarify modernization. In this research the many components of utopian attitudes have been investigated in opinions of eight scholars of constitution period like Mirza Fathali Akhond zadeh,Mirza Malkom khan Nazemodolleh, Mirza Agakhan Kermani ,Mirza Yusef Mostasharodolleh, MIrza Abdoll rahi Najarzadeh Tabrizi famous to Talbof, Haj Zynodin Maragyi in general and Abdoll rahim Talbof and Abdol Hussein Sanatizadeh in especial. In investigation of ideal opinions of scholars of Iran constitution period especially opinions of Abdolrahim Talbof in the book of Masalkeal Mohsenin and thoughts of Abdol husein sanatuizade kermani in the book of Majmaeh Divanegan have been explained. The method is a descriptive and analytical based on the library documents the results show that by omitting of the anti-value thoughts and employing scientific concepts accompanied by monotheism thoughts, the Utopian thoughts in opinions of scholars of the constitutional period can be used in this period. The research methodology is descriptive and analytical and comparatives and it is based on library studies. Teaching and learning based on west thoughts and education of science as west thoughts, attitudes to material ,wisdom without elevation and lawgiving, imitation from west are the main general and energy and transportation and technology ,people participation are the main particular aspects considered in utopia of constitutions period scholars. They emphasized on promotion of material life in the city and they did not consider spiritual affairs in urban spaces. The study of the mentioned scholars’ utopian thoughts indicates inattention to religious principle thoughts among the constitutions period scholars .in the study of the Iranian new scholars in constitutions period the west structural manifestation were emphasized and learning material techniques and construction of schools in new style are clear in all components in general. expression of these strategies are seen proportionate to each personality rang from deny of religious thoughts (Akhonzadeh) to opportunistic encounter with religious thoughts (Mirza melakom and Talebof) and religious return to old Iran approach (Mirzaagasnkhan Kermani) and limited acceptance of religious thoughts(Mirza Mostasharodolleh) and acceptance and defense of religious and Islamic thoughts against west civilization (Haj Zynollabedin marghei). Because of special constitution period approaches and characteristics utopia demands own specifications accompanied by omission of anti value learning and application of scientific concepts in current era. Constitution utopia is manifestation of lawgiving, science, learning and wisdom city. The results show that constitution utopian opinions of Abdolrahim Tabbof in the MaskealMohsenin and Abdoll Husein SanatiZade Kermnai in the Majmael Divangen have civilized thoughts that some of them have been implemented in the urban building. The complete book can be manifested by reengineering of value in the contemporary cites. This research can be used according to religious approach and conserved as spiritual aspects of life.

In this article which deals with the survey and analytic concept of space in vernacular and modern architecture, first the concept of space is explicated generally while it is briefly free of style and orientation. Then, it offers explanations of each kind of above mentioned architectures that has been invoked by researchers and intellectuals about art and architecture. Then differences of the space concepts which architecture specialist has been considered in modern era, with those of vernacular architecture as non-specialist product of human, are described in five directional classifications. This comparison of space concepts is based upon view of subjects of inner field of the two kind of architecture: 1- Empty and not empty: for the vernacular person there is no real void in world, but all spaces are full of meaning and spirits. But the thought of modern era is started with making empty of space –as an absolute space. 2- Flat and bent: objective space for the vernacular person –the following subjective space- has a meaningful bend. This is a matter that in modern era has lost because of its separation in two objective and subjective worlds, and the objective space is conceived as a monotonously in contrast with objective duplications. 3- Monotonous and articulated: in the view of the vernacular person, human is a part of a whole coherent and he has forwarding completely will, so he can engage in slight activity in the art or the organization of environment without worrying about missing the wholeness. But in the modern view of architecture making artificial and objective framework is a necessity for having a holistic setting. 4- Inside and outside: in view of vernacular being inside, is an original concept, while understanding of outside is follower. Vernacular human’s subjectivity sees the enclosure as highest satisfactory quality of space and it is the threshold which vastly occupies his mind to be organized. Understanding of modernists from this statement is of two kinds: for orthodox modernists the obscuring boundary of inside and outside or transparency, is seen as the most appropriate quality of space to fit with modern era, but for critical modernists there is some hesitation about the concept and some of them are inclined toward enclosed inner space, but from different view point compared with vernacular people. 5- Orientation and wandering: the context of vernacular architecture is the nature, which is created in coordination with the nature and the nature is directional intrinsically while for modernists it is the metropolis that is the scene of architecture and its obvious as well as desired quality for them is wandering. Finally, with comparison of these concepts in the form of mentioned fivefold, the quality differences of the space concept has been presented which show that the produced space of modernists as specialists of architecture is basically opposite to those of their people who were vernaculars in general view, even in 19th century. This proposes a neglected understanding of space which belongs to these people and is the basis of popular architecture of 20th century which requires another enquiry.

Khan bathroom is the most ancient bathroom and is situated near the old market (Bazar). ccording to the inscription seen in the main entrance of khan bathroom, it was made by the sheriff of Kurdistan in 1220 during Qajar period. One of the features of Khan bathroom is the height of space and the length of plan. The implementation of decorative design and the usage of stucco decoration and tile lining on the walls throughout the bathroom is one of the most beautiful features of this bathroom. The decorations inside include: Geometry, arabesque, Plants, flowers and flower vase, humanity, animals and birds (Partridge, Pigeon and Peacock) which are used in mixed harmony. The stucco decoration had been used during three different periods and with the passage of time gradually it was changed to natural method. The plan and architecture of bathroom was made in such a way that affected the structure of architecture and the decorations of some of bathroom of Kurdistan and specially the city of Sanandaj. So this building is the pattern in designing and planning the structure in this area. This bathroom and other buildings such as: mosque, squares, market (Bazar) and Chaharbagh for the city development of Sanandaj during Qajar periods. Khan bathroom had special location and role in building the structure of Sanandaj city specially while making the social structure, as the sheriff instead of constructing bathroom around the Bazar he could build around the ancient spaces that were found among the castle. Therefore the questions arises that why the bathroom structure was made there? The second question was that this building what affect it had on architectural structure and stucco decorations? The third question was there any goals for the sheriff and artists, that some of the designs were emphasized on the buildings. By surveying economic and commerce this question were answered and also the development of city in this region had attracted the attention of the governor. The second hypothesis the bathrooms with the description of Khan bathroom in Sanandaj was built in other regions and they were like Khan bathroom. Sheriff of the town by building this bathroom wanted to attract the citizens in order to make developments in this city and other reasons same of the decorations of the bathroom were particularly chosen and special emphasis were done specially the peacock. Although, plans and designs were completely functioned on the complete base of architecture but in general, the designs were dependent on the climates, cultured, social and political reasons through out Iran. Although Khan bathroom was built by native governor but everyone had used this bathroom. Therefore for many reasons it is important, the first the reconstruction, progress, constant ability, renovation, these had been taken into consideration. Second the presentation of the decorations on those time compared to other renovation was exceptional. The third, the development of design in Khan bathroom compared to other masterpiece was effective. This survey is important to building complex, sheriff, naming, historical research description, comparison of space architecture.