Honarhaye Ziba- Honarhaye Memari va SHahrsazi
Year:2017 | Volume:22 | Issue:3 |Papers Count:8

now a day, climate change and environmental crisis as a global threats have negative effects on all living creatures. These phenomena have been happened because of consumption of non-renewable energy sources such as oil, gas, and coal since the last century. Due to recent obligations to preserve these sources and environment, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of these sources. The residential sector energy consumption accounts for 31% of the energy globally used. This fact, hence, makes it inevitable to further study the thermal performance of residential buildings. Therefore, adjusting the climate of the building surroundings would affect buildings thermal performance. Creating the apt micro-climate around buildings will contribute to the improvement of the building thermal performance. In Iran’s traditional buildings, the central courtyard has always been one of the most effective climate solutions to decrease the temperature in hot- arid regions. Along with an increase in shading by trees and building walls, the building would be protected from direct sunshine and thus, thermal conditions on hot days would balance. It is noteworthy that this shading should not block the sun in cold seasons. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to make alterations in locating the building on the land, so that to create three and four-sided courtyards in urban blocks. Therefore, we could benefit the micro-climate performance in order to decrease energy consumption in these buildings. There has been widespread research about this in different cities of Iran. Despite the necessity to cut down the energy consumption of the residential sector in a metropolis like Tehran, few of these studies have been conducted in this city. Consequently, the case studies of the current research, are residential blocks of apartments in Tehran. Due to different climates in Tehran, central and southern areas were chosen as thesis climate background, because these areas are classified as hot- arid regions. The research method consists of simulation, empirical methods, and logical reasoning. In the beginning, Tehran 7th urban zone was chosen with GIS assistance and calculations were done. Then, thermal performance of the proposed models and the effect of the courtyard on sun energy absorption, access to daylight and wind, were studied by using DesignBuilder software. The results were then compared to the reference model. The results show that four-sided courtyard in Tehran would significantly decrease building cooling load in summer which is about 18.35 kWh/m2. In winter, however, significant impact on the heat load is absent. Field measurements in Memar Bashi Seminary in Tehran, also showed that the temperature in the courtyard is considerably less than that of the outside area. This difference would reach 5 degrees centigrade at the hottest hours. The temperature inside the building is also 1 to 2 degrees centigrade less than that of the courtyard. On the other hand, the graphs obtained from simulations and field measurements also presented a similar pattern. Thus, the results of filed measurements confirmed simulations performed in DesignBuilder software.

Problem under study: Metropolitan growth toward their peripheral environments and shaping the metropolitan regions occur in two major situations and various states amidst. One major form is unplanned and uncontrolled with unintended consequences. In the second situation, metropolitan growth is planned and directed towards pre-set goals, with an indication of the existence of a current and effective planning system. Ideal type of mentioned situations can be rarely found in more and less developed countries of the world, while most metropolitan areas experience their growth in situations that are in-between these two major situation. Absence of effective mechanism for survey, review, and monitoring of land-use transformation is one the characteristics of unplanned metropolitan growth.Lack of complete and integrated information system, and constraints on revealing and analysing spatial structure and land-use transformation, implies the absence or ineffectiveness of planning mechanism in the metropolitan region of Tehran, which is the geographical-administrative space under study in this article.Purpose: The purpose of this article is to make an attempt to revealing land-use transformation in the metropolitan regions and by reviewing and analysing relevant methods, to select an appropriate method for analysing the metropolitan region of Tehran. Reviewing and analysing the metropolitan region of Tehran in this article is restricted to planning and policy-making spheres. Based on the analysis for revealing land-use transformation in the metropolitan region of Tehran, some suggestions emerged to initiate suitable mechanism to survey, review, and monitor such transformations. A suggested mechanism could be used as a decision support system in the planning and management of metropolitan regions.Methodology: A descriptive-analytical approach, as an overall method that has been applied in this article, has conceived and adopted a three staged process of diagnosis and prognosis methods: First stage deals with the theoretical foundations and the technical aspects of the subject under study so that to find the appropriate guiding principles for the analysis bound for revealing land-use transformation in metropolitan regions. Second stage is concerned with formulating guiding principles that emerged in the first stage, and was with due consideration to the constraints related to access to the required information and the existence of accessible databases in order to find an appropriate method for the intended analysis of the metropolitan region of Tehran. Third stage is allocated to the application of the method that emerged in the second stage, in order to reveal land-use transformation along with analysing specifications of unplanned growth in the metropolitan region of Tehran.Achievement: Devising and applying an approach for analysing and revealing land-use transformation, due to the unplanned growth of Tehran towards its peripheral natural environment, is the main outcome and achievement of this article. Also, an emphasis has been put upon designing and establishing a planning and policy-making mechanism in the metropolitan regions, especially in the metropolitan region of Tehran, which would enable reducing, solving, or preventing the formation of problems related to the invasion of the natural environment by the metropolitan growth.

competitive economic sectors determination plays a substantial role in feature regional strategies creation. Moreover, most of traditional views change into dynamic approach stand on creativity and knowledge. Regional competitiveness is the region ability to attract and maintain achieved companies, while improving inhabitants’ standard of living. Mr. L. Martin introduces employment rate and GDRP as two outcomes for regional competitiveness. Unfortunately, Fars province does not have appropriate place among Iran regions base on employment rate and GDRP. In this research, we are reviewing competitiveness theories and methods in order to find the best complementary methods stand on available information. Also, we will distinguish the reasons of Fars province low rank among Iran’s regions. Our review shows that Input-output method, Average portion length index, Location quotients and Shift-share analysis can be the best complementary methods for measuring sector connectivity, length of product chain, spatial concentration and portions of regional economic growth. So we divided Fars economic into 14 sectors that include “Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing”, “Mining and quarrying”, “Manufacturing”, “Electricity, gas, steam and water supply”, “Construction”, “Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles”, “Accommodation and food service activities”, “Transportation, storage and communications”, “Finance, Insurance and real Estate”, “Professional, scientific and technical activities”, “Administrative and support service activities”, “Education”, “Human health and social work activities”, “Other service activities”. Input-output method identifies three sectors by normalizing backward and forward linkages which includes” Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing”, “Manufacturing” and “Transportation, storage and Communications”. Also, Average portion length numerical value equal to one and shows a very short product chain for all industries. Moreover, Location quotients calculate the share of Fars province from national level for measuring industries agglomeration in this region. The result of this model shows 3 economic sectors named, ” Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing”, “Administrative and support service activities” and “Human health and social work activities”. Finally, our last analysis is shift-share in conjunction with Location quotients. This model identifies emerging clusters in Fars province that include” Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing”, “Construction”, ” Finance, Insurance and Real Estate”, “Administrative and support service activities” and “Human health and social work activities”. In this regard, we can define three competitive economic sectors such as, ” Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing” for the first priority plus “Administrative and support service activities” and “Human health and social work activities” as the second priority, because they have not significant backward and forward linkages in I-O table. On the other hand, all of Fars province industries suffer from short product chain and this is the main cause of Fars rank between Iran regions. So, for shaping Fars future strategies we should concentrate on these sectors besides to enhance inhabitants’ standard of living. In this way, public sectors should invest on infrastructure and encourage private sectors to develop related variated industries in Fars province industrial park. Also, competitive regional economy is a dynamic concept, so we must monitor our competitors for making competitiveness future in Fars base on uncertainty may happened.

interpreting the meaning of urban spaces is a controversial subject in urban studies. There are different approaches from qualitative to quantitative to analyzing and understanding the meaning of a place. However, these attitudes are formed based on analyzing data derived from researchers or users. Hence, appearance of difficulties happens in interpreting historical place during special historical period. When there is no chance to have users or researchers experience. It seems that the best method in these cases is, considering urban spaces as a text and understanding their meaning via reading theories. The principle theoretical basis of this article is emphasizing on M.M.Bakhtin’s reading theory. The paper explores urban spaces as a particular text, novel, and takes the conceptual framework of Bakhtin’s novel theory into consideration for content analyzing of places. Bakhtin mentioned special characteristics for novel, and discussed that the problem of other reading theories is disregarding these differences. Polyphony, dialogism, chronotopy and complexity in genres are characteristics he mentioned about novel. Dialogism and the tensions, resolutions, and reformations of language and ideas under these conditions, is the central mechanisms of interpretation. Variety of genres means the novel as a whole is multiform in style and variform in speech and voice, means several heterogeneous stylistic unities, often located in different linguistic levels and subject to different stylistic controls. Polyphony is a feature of narrative, which includes a diversity of points of view and voices. It means novel does not appear to aim for a ‘single vision’ and goes beyond simply describing situations from various angles. The chronotope is how configurations of time and space are represented in language and discourse. A social language, then, is a concrete socio-linguistic belief system that defines a distinct identity for itself within the boundaries of a language that is unitary only in the abstract. As it will be discussed in detail, Bakhtin outlines new directions for the study of stylistics: The study of the novel must start from an acknowledgement of heteroglossia and be grounded in a view of language as social and historical, dialogic and dynamic, which give rise to yet new possibilities for representation and interpretation. It seems that the concept of, Bakhtin’s novel theory which entered the scientific field, theoretically, can revised classic viewpoints of social science and humanities. There for, it can be used as a tool for analyzing subjects in various disciplines like science, philosophy, sociology and etc. Besides, planning and urban design can also use it as an analytical method. Grounded on this conceptual framework, this paper seeks to demonstrate that the dimensions of novel can be adapted to urban spaces. The achievement of this research is to develop a structural and substantial analysis method borrowing the concept of novel reading from linguistics, and to elaborate a tool for the meaning analysis in a historical urban research scope. This methodology is applied in a case study sample and novel characteristics are tested in ‘Chahar Bagh’, a historic street in the city of Isfahan, during Safavid era.

this paper tends to study the critical statements of those European travelogue writers who have visited Iran from the 16th to the 19th century AD (9TH to 13th AH). This era includes Safavid, Afshari, Zand and Qajar dynasty eras in Iran. The emphasis of this study is the Safavid travel reports which are more important due to lack of Persian critical reports on Iranian culture in that era in comparison to Qajar era.13 of 22 studied cases are Safavid travelogues, two belong to the pre-Safavid era, and seven of them were written during the Qajar dynasty period. Except one case (Pollack travelogue), the rest of the studied cases belong to pre-Nasser-al-din Shah era, which is usually considered as the age when Iranians closely met the European culture, technology, politics and art in their own society. This research is necessary from two aspects: first, it demonstrates the first handed historical judgements on Iranian architecture, while present-day judgements and inceptions about history of architecture in Iran are based on second handed resources, thus limited to the buildings and Persian traditional texts. Also the pre-Qajar Persian resources about architecture are created in their traditional context, which is not based on critical thought. Secondly, by studying these judgements, a more critical literature could be shaped in the Iranian architectural historiography, which is also more realistic, as in these resources, we can extract lots of everyday life details related to Iranian architecture and Iranian towns in historical context of Iran and gain a deeper knowledge of Iranian architecture and towns in their relation with the Iranian society and culture. Therefore, the main question of this research is “what are the main critical statements of European travelers on Iranian architecture and town planning?” The research method which is applied in this paper by the authors is a comprehensive historical method, depending only on texts. After reviewing the history of criticism in the Islamic cultural history, a brief history of European travelogues on Iran and their overall paradigms in each era is discussed. Then, twenty three travelogues are studied and their statements on Iranian architecture and towns have been extracted, compared and discussed based on the similarity of the statements. Afterwards, these statements are classified in four general categories, based on their repetitions in the studied cases. Also, the reasons which the writers have mentioned for these four general categories are also classified and explained. The paper concludes that the most repeated general critical reports on Iranian architecture and town planning are: “neglecting the maintenance and repairing of buildings in Iran, their temporary life and abundance of ruins in Iran”, “disorderliness and dirtiness of passages in Iranian towns”, and also “neglecting the overall scape and ugliness of the exterior building surfaces in Iran”. Besides these most repeated categories, three less repeated critical statements of the European travelers on Iranian architecture and town planning are “guild and bureaucratic corruption of the architects”, “simple home furnishing”, and “squander and high expenses in the process of making a building”.

iran is a vulnerable country to natural disasters which has experienced different disasters during the time. Lack of reliable information and documentation of post-reconstruction experiences is mentioned as one of the main weaknesses of the reconstruction programs in Iran. For instance, after the Ferdows destroying earthquake in 1968, any documentation has not yet been presented in reconstruction. It is obvious that the documentation of previous reconstructions programs and surveying them can be useful and prevent similar mistakes. But, it should be declared that most of this information or evidences which can be used for the similar future programs are not gathered and also not available. In late August and early September 1968, an earthquake measuring 6.3 on the Richter scale struck Ferdows town. Subsequently, survivors were divided into two groups in order to reconstruct the city. One group led by one of the religious leaders started reconstructing in the area-currently named Islamiyeh town a few kilometers above Ferdows. The government reconstructed the east of the old town for the other group who stayed in Ferdow. However, some of them didn’t utilize the governmental buildings and started to construct their own houses in Ferdows. Presently, according to the author’s research, life exists among both Islamiyeh and Ferdows towns after 48 years of construction. In the current research, it has been tried to accomplish the procedure of the reconstruction, carried out by both the government and native people based on the recognition of the reconstruction process and the final outcome in macro level (i.e. City) and micro level (i.e. Housing). The research is an analytical documentation of the qualitative methodology that qualitative analysis completes it. The main methods of data collection in this thesis are observation and its documentation, depth interviews with at least 65 years old people and documentation review. These sets of data are collected from written and non-written sources, like newspapers, journals, books, articles, and interviews. After this step, the data are categorized and analyzed with methods that applied in qualitative methodology. Ultimately, according to the research, it could be concluded that both of governmental and native reconstruction after 48 years is sustainable. It means people and authorities knew how to accomplish reconstruction. But in governmental reconstruction, the major consideration pertains to promoting the quality of buildings and retrofitting. On the other hand, the native reconstruction paid special attention to indigenous cultures and customs. I.e. in governmental quarters of Ferdows, it has been given excessive consideration to improve the strength of structures and performance of the town and building. Consequently, lead to neglect indigenous cultures, customs and the needs of the survivors in designing the town and structures. In the native built regions in Ferdows and Islamiyeh, It has been paid special heed to the house and urban development in accordance with cultural, social and economic needs of the people. Therefore the lack of knowledge in anticipating the development of the town in the future, urban facilities, and reinforcement of buildings resulted in neglecting urbanization and architectural aspects in reconstruction.

the present study aims to consider the importance of legibility of the urban environments in the northern cities of Iran, according to the theory proposed by Kevin Lynch. In Lynch’s opinion, there are seven criteria for such a study, five of which he calls “Performance dimensions” which are “vitality”, “Sense”, “Fit”, “Access”, and “Control”, and two are called “meta criteria”, which are “efficiency” and “Justice”. These criteria help us to represent the atmosphere and the situation of such urban places in the formation of the spirits and social exchanges of people. In this article, we have applied this theory on two plays by the late famous Iranian playwright, Akbar Radi, named Pellekan (The Staircase) and Rowzane Abi (The Blue Opening). In both of these plays, the protagonist leaves his motherland in the north, and migrates to another city (one to Tehran, and one to another northern land). Both of these two characters have made benefits from the wrong social relationships in their cities, and this has resulted in their wealth and deep levels of mental corruption. The mportant point in these plays shows itself in the challenges that Bolbol in Pellekan and Pile Aqa in Rowzaneye Abi have with their next generations, those educated people who cannot stand the corrupt situations and insrtead of following the footsteps of their fathers, want to start a new life in a totally now physical situation. The ultimate goal of the present article is finding the possibility of the existence of any sort of relationship between the legibility of the urban environments and the spatial dependencies of the citizens on one side, and the probability of social misconducts and crimes due to the lack of legibility in such cities on the other hand. For each of the five key terms provided by Lynch, we have come up with dialogues from both plays to show how these fathers are in act in these works. Also, some points such as the notions “paths”, “edges”, “districts”, “Nodes”, and “landmarks” have also been taken into account. It is noteworthy that the selection of these two plays have been based on the fact that Radi was a citizen of Rasht himself, and had always represented his own motherland in most of his works. The two above-mentioned plays are those which take place in "urban" northern places, while Radi has also some plays taking place in the north, but in the rural areas, which were naturally not included in the present work. The results of this study reveal that the lack of legibility in the cities and the distortion of the urban rules in both works by Radi are quite vivid within Lynch’s theory, and the wrong managements in cities and the low qualities of urban lives in the locations of the plots of these dramatic works result in the fact that the citizens do not have a clear picture of their own cities in their minds, gradually lose their ties to their motherlands, and finally decide to migrate from their cities for ever.

the role of “yard” in Iranian architectural spaces is undeniable and sometimes is necessary due to climatic conditions and geographical architectural design. Yard, whether in public applications, such as (mosque and school in Caravanserai, etc.) and non-public (such as houses) are usually not removed from the body design. The members of Iran in the construction of today architecture, Because of the difficult terrain and urban density many private mass configuration of buildings such as mosques has been deleted. While its role in the functional efficiency of the building has been neglected. The aim of this study is to evaluate different role that the yard is guarantee or increase functional efficiency is based on a create or upgrade. Proof of this process the role of the mosque yard using two methods: draw a graph and use that data to mathematical syntax-space as well as software Depth map. Proof the Functional efficiency, first, define the spatial efficiency Based on this definition, then six indicators of functional efficiency will be introduced and explained. Indicators linked by mathematical relations as space and prove to be justified, the selection criteria will be shown cabriolet. As well as indicators of depth, axial space and convex space using software Depth map and analysis prove to be its output. And the the clear role of the yard in the mosque courtyard will be changes in operational efficiency in a variety of patterns. The results show a rectangular geometry design central courtyard with its highest operational efficiency in comparison to other models. With regard to this issue in the context of the following research questions can be studied: Are there basically configured in the mosque courtyard is necessary or not? What is the proper positioning of the yard in order to improve function efficiency? What is the most appropriate geometric structure for the yard? The hypothesis of the study is available as follows: 1- The existence of the mosque courtyard is necessary in order to improve of functional efficiency. To achieve this, it seems that the layout of the yard in the mosque should be built in the center (central courtyard) of the complex as well as the geometry is also desirable.2- To enhance Functional efficiency in the courtyard of the mosque position should be considered to be the most relevant to indoor space.3- The geometry is such that the yards should be a central space where there is adequate space in which to minimize convex. The findings suggests that the essential of functional efficiency of the yard looks and mosques are having a yard, compared to the mosques that do not have a yard, efficiency better. but this improve functional depends on having appropriate layout and geometry yard the rectangular courtyards in the center of the mosque (such as Oshtorjan Mosque) in increasing the functional efficiency is more effective than other examples. If the yard doesn’t have the conditions (in terms of geometry and layout isn’t optimal level is not good) is ineffective in increasing the functional efficiency.