Honarhaye Ziba- Honarhaye Memari va SHahrsazi
Year:2013 | Volume:17 | Issue:4|Papers Count:8

During recent decades, tourist industry remarkably achieves an explosive growth all over the world, nevertheless, each destination can only sustain a specific level of acceptance of tourism development beyond which further development can result in socio-cultural deterioration or a decline in a quality of the visitors'' experience. The social carrying capacity of a destination is the ability to absorb tourism development before negative impacts are felt by the local residents and the host community ceases to satisfy and attract tourists, consequently, the concept of social carrying capacity is strongly associated with residents'' attitude toward tourism. Drawing from current literature, residents'' attitude toward tourism development and its following impacts are proposed, being preceded by detecting tourism impacts classified under three different groups including socio-cultural, economic and environmental consequences. Furthermore, focusing on how tourism is perceived by residents, the present study is going to analytically discuss the factors influencing on residents` attitude toward tourism and its consequences. Accordingly social exchange theory is adopted as a theoretical framework for developing an understanding of residents'' attitude toward tourism, and the Maslow's hierarchy of needs is going to be tested to demonstrate whether it can support residents'' attitude toward tourist impacts in this specific situation or not. The study was conducted in March 2010, the peak tourist season, at Fahadan district, a heritage urban fabric located in historic city of Yazd. Two hundred thirty-six respondents in Fahadan arranged in three different groups including residents, shopkeepers and public sector providers complete the survey. The research shows that respondents support the current magnitude of Tourism and favor its expansion. The result is strictly generalized to all three different groups of research sample population. The findings of this research reveal that residents'' perception of benefits from tourism is closely associated with their attitudes toward tourism in a positive direction which confirms the usefulness of social exchange theory in explaining residents'' perception toward tourism development, however, no specific and clear proportion is found between the resident- evaluated impacts and those derived from Maslow's theory, mainly because some of the socio-cultural aspects of their residential environment beside the sense of identity are of more importance than some difficulties that may hinder residents'' routine life. This true fact indicates that Maslow's hierarchy of needs is not the proper theoretical framework to explain the whys and the wherefores of residents'' evaluation of tourist impacts in this specific situation. Tourist environmental benefits are the most significant factors influencing Fahadan residents'' support of tourism development. Furthermore, the results show that there is a direct relationship between the attitudes of the host community and the benefits they gain through tourism, their attitude toward the future of destination influenced by tourism, dependence of destination to tourism impacts, and finally the level of community concern about cultural issues and identity crisis. The study also emphasizes that the host community is mainly concerned about man-made environmental values and the authorities'' primary focus on the touristic aspect of their environment instead of the residential aspects of the place they live in.

The Persian mosque has been much studied, but little from geometrical aspect. The genesis of the geometry of domed four-eivan (four-veranda) mosque, called the Persian mosque, is ambiguous. Common typology of mosques in Iran, based on the number of eivans, counting from one to four, will not solve the problem, and results in several drawbacks: First, the relation between the Persian mosque and the history of Persian architecture remains ambiguous and problematic, second, some mosques in Iran are not domed four-eivan mosques, so discussed typology results some exceptions and disagreements, third, the conspicuous spatial differences between domed and non-domed mosques in their facade of eivan are neglected. If architecture can be seen as a system of organs gathered together based on a coherent order, geometry is the grasp of the relation between and, finally, the system of contiguity of the organs. Therefore, geometry is the essence of all architecture, by defining and delimiting each function, it simplifies understanding of it. So, to gain knowledge of the Persian version of mosque, studying its roots is necessary. This article analyzes the archetypal mosque, namely the Mosque of the Prophet, in its primary form. Describing the geometrical features of it, it then studies the alterations of this archetype as it has reached other Islamic lands. Reconstructing old buildings into mosques, or taking the examples of other structures in building mosques, the geometry of every domestic architecture was incorporated into mosques of each land. This added new elements to mosques making them distinguished and unique, just like the first mosque. Afterwards, by studying some of the oldest mosques in Iran and the Persian mosque’s origins, the frequency of use of shabestan, chahartaghi and eivan in the maps of initial mosques have been shown. Then, the process of emergence of these mosques and their results, have been geometrically studied. These initial experiences generated the genesis of three geometric fundamental types of mosques in the following centuries, which have been categorized and analyzed along with samples. As a result, two different consequences have been described. One was the continuity of construction in these three types, the other was the convergence of them. This convergence was a new process in a new architectural function, so it was only possible through experiment. Therefore, some of shabestan-based mosques were changed into workplaces for this experiment, some of them lasting several centuries. After that, some new mosques were built with domed four-eivan geometry. Finally, the geometrical process of Isfahan’s Grand Mosque and its resultant on the basis of its court and its old shabestan has been analyzed. This mosque is one of the first workplaces of the convergence of these three basic types. The construction of shabestan, the gonbad-khaneh (dome chamber) in it, and the eivan in the court, are the chronological process of evolution of the mosque. Evidences show that convergence and adaptation of the three fundamental geometric types in this mosque lasted three centuries to result in the geometry of the Persian mosque.

This research aims to design, implement and test a pedagogical method for facilitating design ability development of novice students of architecture. The pedagogical method is the resultant of a constructivist instructional design approach and educational implications of a descriptive model of design ability development. The descriptive model fundamentally is based on the Dreyfus model of skill acquisition and adapted from a primary model of acquiring design expertise developed by Lawson and Dorst. Based on descriptive model, novice designers̕ design ability development results, basically, from design schemata development through structured familiarization with design precedents and acquiring episodic design knowledge. Based on constructivist instructional design approach, the educational method provides a constructivist learning environment that supports student-centered, situated and collaborative Learning. In this study, the Jonassen model is used for designing a constructivist learning environment due to its significant similarities in principles and components with learning and teaching processes in the architectural design studio. Finally, the educational approach is a Constructivist Architectural Design Learning Environment (CADLE). The focus of CADLE is authentic design problem-solving tasks that are supported by structured familiarization with related design precedents and architectural information sources. Cognitive and other supportive tools support problem-solving processes and social interactions within this environment. Design tutors support students̕ problem-solving through instructional activities that consist of ‘coaching’, ‘modeling’ and ‘scaffolding’. The CADLE is implemented and tested through a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population of this study includes all junior undergraduate students of architecture in Iran. Instructional method is independent variable, and students'' design ability development is dependent variable of our research. The experiment was conducted during the first semester of the 2008-2009 academic year in the Architectural Design Studio (2) in the undergraduate program of architecture in Bu-Ali Sina University. The dependent variable was measured by students’ design performance. Towards that goal, a panel of judges composed of experienced educators of architecture ranked qualities of students'' design products based on seven criteria. Data analysis was carried out by means of Mann - Whitney U test to see if a statistically significant difference existed between the two groups. The findings show that design performance of the test group is better than the control group, and the difference is statistically significant. Consequently, constructivist architectural learning environment showed to have a positive effect on novice student's design ability development. Concerning fixation risk of familiarization with design precedent, findings showed that design problem solving under conditions of CADLE positively affected student`s creativity. The results showed that constructivist instructional design approach is suitable for developing architecture educational methods, which in turn confirms the appropriateness of constructivist learning theories for describing learning mechanisms in architectural education. Finally, results indicated that structured familiarization with design precedents within CADLE could facilitate the acquisition of design episodic knowledge and development of architectural design schemata of novice designers, which in turn has a positive effect on their design ability.

City is like a living entity, which remains constantly by constructing new buildings. In fact, city is result of different historical periods and contemporary eras are in this process, too. With few exceptions, the character of cities have chaged over time with the architectural styles fashionable in each period as well as the changing demands for their functionality. It is very rare that a place has a historic or period unity. Most often, the character is combination of styles and it is important that this evolution is maintained and the vitality of places can be continued. Our constructions will form some parts of the city in future and will cause a layer in this inherited complex, and will make specification and identity of cities and will be an inheritance for posterity. Although preservation consider as a major step in revitalization of historical sites and buildings but ironically these sites benefit from being extended. In contrary, expansion and construction of new buildings on these sites continues the history of the site to the new era and enrich its history. Now, duties of designers and their responsibility against past, present and future generations are debated. New design might involve an extension to a large and significant historic building or small historic building, a new building in a historic urban environment or a new structure at an archaeological site such as a visitor center or shelter to protect the ruins. Proposed new additions should be of a quality that will constitute a valuable contribution to the historic building, its setting and the townscape. Alterations and additions should relate to the scale and the proportions of the building and be harmonious with it. Furthermore, the interrelationships that are an integral part of the understanding of the building and its immediate environment should not be compromised. The immediate considerations for most designers will be the external appearance and whether it will mimic the historic or stand out as unequivocally contemporary. Neither of these two approaches is necessarily appropriate to each situation and between the two extremes lie a multitude of solutions. The purpose of this paper is to obtain principles of executive instructions for usage of designers in order to design new constructions in historic contexts. Suggested guidelines are not fixed, but they are comprehensive, thus, they can be use in different situations, and be coincided with special specifications, different conditions and hidden values in any historical fields. In order to achieve suggested guidelines, in this paper we will first analyze universal approaches and review these resolutions and concepts in this field. We will then look at the details of the agreements between the international bodies that directly or indirectly influenced these regulations and had key roles in their design. Finally we will study advices and guidance of other countries, furthermore we will debate key points and theoretical fundamentals about new constructions in historic contexts. Therefore, this guidance will offer in 5 general titles, including Character, Siting, scale, form, materials and details for new constructions.

Today, civil constructions constitute most of electrical energy consumption. To reduce the consumption, man has been led to look for renewable sources of energy as a replacement. This is consequence necessitate further studies in this field and related area. One of the options was to utilize daylight during the day hour in place of electrical power, which in turn needed special preparation. Daylighting provides the opportunity for both energy savings and improved visual comfort and Certainly energy savings . With proper integration of a well-designed artificial lighting system, daylighting can offer significant energy savings by reducing a portion of electric lighting load. An extra benefit is the lowering of cooling load due to the reduction in heat gain from electric lamps. In addition to energy savings, daylighting helps create visually pleasing and productive environment for building occupants. Although windows are likely to remain the most common means of admitting daylight into buildings, they have no intrinsic properties to redirection effects, the opening of the building envelope need to be equipped with additional optical devices, either in addition to the windows or even incorporated into them. The resulting combinations of elements are called ‘advanced daylighting systems’. These equipments are designed to redirect sunlight or skylight to areas where it is required, without glare. In the buildings of Tehran, artificial light is considered as the main contributor to the visual environment, even though there is an abundance of daylight during that part of the day known as ‘office hours’. This source of light could be subjected to more places study to determine proper means for optimum use of that source. This study has aimed to finding and estimating one of advanced systems of utilizing daylight called ‘horizontal light pipe’, to the extent of estimating quality and quantity of illuminance in the office room with a deep plan and any environment like this. Horizontal light pipes designed for sunny and partly sunny skies are a promising solution for supplementing daylight in deep-plan buildings. Light pipes collect and transport sunlight over long distances to the core of a building, which is composed of 4 parts: reflecting chamber, reflector, diffusing chamber and glazing openings. This system is designed to fit within the ceiling plenum. In this study a logical argument method has been used. For that, Autodesk Ecotect analysis and Radiance simulation software has been used, light pipe has been designed and analyzed in accordance with Tehran solar lighting condition. The study shows an increase in daylight illuminance levels in the bottom half of the room and far from the window aperture (quantity of the illuminance) also improve the uniformity of the daylighting luminance gradient across the room (quality of the illuminance) under variable solar condition throughout the year, should this system be adapted. In addition, determined the appropriate length of light pipe (9 meter) for more performance in the buildings. Based on simulation results, for uniform distribution of illuminance with better quality across the room, one light pipe is required in every 4 meter.

to study sacredness in various religions usually means that the researcher is dealt with a special place in comparison with ordinary (profane) ones. Under the influence of works of Eliade, researches in Islamic field are directed towards exploring analogy between Body, Cosmos and Architecture. This paper is to pursuing the matter through original religious texts of Islam and in this way, it is divorced from the method of Eliade. A main reason for selecting this alternative way has been the matter of general vs. special sacredness of places. While it has been mostly argued that in religions such as Hinduism or Buddhism sacredness of the whole nature, does matter, in Islamic debate, it is conceived that there is a vast body of profane places through which there is some restricted points as sacred. It is arguable that few works which tried to establish an Islamic basis for sacredness of nature as a whole are impressed with far eastern concepts and in some ways, adapted them for Islamic principles and vice versa. To find out what is the inner Islamic context basics of such a holistic mode of sacredness, this paper begins with a brief discussion about the process of psychological aspect of cognition the sacred in the space and then after definition of two main orientations in Islamic Ethics (one focuses on sacred knowledge and other on religious behavior), concentrates on the second approach and constructs the discussion mentioned above in this mode of thinking in Islamic context. This study shows a different basis for this kind of sacredness which comprises of two main poles: Mosque & Home. The debate is mainly based on a citation from Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) which indicates that Allah has taken overall the earth as Mosque for Muslims. So it is an initial characteristic of all spaces of the earth to be sacred and it is the “Profane” that must be objectively distinguished. Then through those holy words, it is proved that in Islamic view, “Home” (or more concisely private room or Bayt) is the objective instrument which makes non-sacred space detached from that overall sacred space. But it does not mean that Home is conceived as anti- sacred in Islamic view. But it implies that there is two kind of general sacredness: Initial and Additional (apart from specific mode of sacredness of space which is due to spiritual significance of a place in Islamic debate called “Fadilat al-Makan”). Initial mode is for that all world mosque while additional one is sacredness which is obtained by work of people attached to a place (bounded space) that makes that place of spiritual significance for Allah and this – in turn- makes the place of more and more spiritual prize for all people who deal with it. In such a system of sacredness, the role of architecture is initially to distinguish between spaces which are of different mode of sacredness. So understanding of sacredness is mostly depended on previous knowledge of user not physical properties of the place and in this sense understanding of sacredness of place, is a matter of space itself, not its materiality and it is via a cognitive process.

Architectural education is vital to enable the students to create a three-dimensional space for human activities and providing a better environment for human societies. The process of teaching architectural design is a complex issue according to its content and method. The reason is the wide extent of required theoretical and practical training in various fields of art, science, psychology and engineering besides an attempt to develop the intellectual creativity of students. Although many issues have been discussed about the education of architectural design process in several investigations, but one of the major challenges is the irrevocable training that students need to be familiar with it before entering the architectural design courses. This paper is an attempt to transfer the lessons learned from the authors'' long experience in teaching the basics of architectural design, which is actually the alphabets of architectural design. This research aims to look at the project briefs of preparatory courses for architectural design studios in various universities of Iran and world and finally the list of projects in the design studios of authors themselves. Then based on the results of surveys of graduates of this course in their following third or fourth years of study, the prioritization of curriculum concepts will be offered as prerequisite based on the needs of students in their later years of architectural design courses. The results of survey showed that projects based on recognizing the characteristics of form are their first priority. Their next level of interest includes exercises related to getting familiar with the features of space and also the specific practice which was trying to move backward from the architectural product to the design concept in the mind of architect through simplifying the building gradually. The third and fourth level of prioritization belongs to the composition of cylindrical forms and the final project of small-size real design in order. The fifth level of importance depicts the first team-work introductory exercise presented in the beginning of the class with the title of recognition of the existing state and critical analysis of a daily-used object such as their chair, table or class door. The final category is related to the project based on building a conceptual model after watching a movie. The reasons for these results could be classified into two groups. The first is related to the rate of usefulness of these exercises in their future architectural design courses. The second reason could be relevant to the quality of presenting those specific exercises in the studio. Considering all these factors, could reveal that students prefer the projects dealing with training the form, space and their interrelated composition. The next stage emphasizes on projects helping the perception of design process practically. The high interest of students to the form and volumetric composition could be of two reasons as follows: Any education is not given to this matter while it is important in the final judgment. Learning this subject needs long time which makes it necessary in the beginning of architectural design education.

Natural disasters and wars sometimes have such a destructive effect that could change to a national tragedy. The increasing effects of natural destructions show that more progressive plans needed to compensate this incidents. Global recommendations emphasize on combine experiences and theoretical contents of reconstruction. The meaning of theoretical aspects is to globalize visions and strategies, to attain comprehensive theoretical framework to confront reconstruction problems. It looks like that from one side strategies and policies, and from the other side overall survey of each incident and their similarities, should be regarded. Global experiences also emphasize on sustainable development and adopting participation of stakeholders in reconstruction process and producing essential national capabilities to manage risk reduction. If so, experimental and theoretical content of each incident, that is intrinsic phenomenon of reconstruction, should be extracted. Comparison of this later phenomenon will produce useful lessons for the mentioned national planning. Now, it is of more importance to pay adequate attention to theoretical aspects of reconstruction process as the spirit, and activator of the overall process. Ghasr-e-shirin is a sample of the cities that reconstructed after the imposed war. It is suitable pattern for research theoretical and experimental content of reconstruction process. The city is in Kermanshah province, 15 kilometer far from Iraq Frontier, with touristic attractions and foreign trade exchange. The city had about 25000 population before war. But at the end of the imposed war, just piles of ruined and destroyed quarters were reminded. The effect of this tragic approach was firm decision of the retuned habitants, to reconstruct their own city. So, Ghasr-e-Shirin rehabilitated. The hypothesis of this research is that during the reconstruction process, a constituted theoretical decision is emerged. It is similar to urban physical planning theories. This theoretical core is the activator of reconstruction process, and organizing the other relevant elements to attain the reconstruction goals. It could be interpreted that »exchanging the ideas and discourse about what should be done, choosing the best way of achievement, and also decision making between stakeholders«, will tend to constitute a theoretical framework, that conducts reconstruction and revitalizing process of the city. To approve the above hypothesis a special research method was needed. In this research according to qualitative research method of the accessible documents and deep interview with relevant persons, these results .were obtained that: Theoretical content of reconstruction process starts with discourse between stakeholders,.distinction public interest, promotes stakeholders suggestions to executive decision, reduces the gap between decision and execution, and finally draws the future perspective of the city. So it could be possible to catch the main structure of reconstruction process and interpret the findings of the whole process. Some of the results of this research are: 1) Theoretical content of reconstruction process, constitutes through essentialities and problems and difficulties that confronts to reconstruction process, and discourse and collaboration between public private stakeholders. 2) Reconstruction pattern, according to the definition of urban physical planning theory, has theoretical identity. 3) The main character of theoretical identity of reconstruction process is to reduce the distance between decision making and the execution of the decision. 4) Reconstruction pattern because of the following reasons can have the essence of a theory: - Answers the questions. In Ghasr-e-Shirin the main question was the location of the city. -Determines the rate of intervention in the quarters. - Revitalization of urban economy, and good special structure.