HOVIATESHAHR
Year:2013 | Volume:7 | Issue:13|Papers Count:9

This paper aiming at introduction of non-official settlement and its relation with developmental issues and plans in the recent years in Iran, studies reasons of this problem and paves the way for new concept of Endogenous Development. Also solution of internal empowerment is introduced in this paper to solve non-official settlement complication and other problems thereof.Internal empowerment is impressed by endogenous development which regarding concepts borrowed from sustainable development depends on using potential abilities and capabilities of non-official residents of cities in order to improve their life quality and residential conditions. Therefore related texts have been studied via analytical descriptive procedure and finally some principles have been proposed as solutions of non-official settlement complications.Non-official settlement is a collection of predicaments, problems, and also capabilities and facilities that present policies failed to benefit from its hidden facilities to overcome the problems. In fact disregarding these capabilities, methods of direct intervention of government (from omission, destructive and police intervention to housing, supplying land, and setting urban standards) were inefficient and had no benefit for the lowest-paid strata of the society and a true development can not be expected. For this reason, the following principles are proposed as guide principles in solving non-official settlement complication: - Revising policies and supplying urban spaces planned for low-paid strata: As non-official settlement results from lack of official, appropriate, and affordable space for urban low-paid strata, revising governmental-public sector’ s usual encounter with this event is principle.- The facilitator and guide role of governmental-public sector: in this case, duties fulfillment doesn’t mean direct satisfaction of all requirements and carrying responsibility of all affairs by governmental-public sector but it shall be fulfilled through facilitating procedures and comprehensive participation and empowering targeted societies in meeting their needs.- The mobilization of intra-societies resources and supported and directed self-help: Using human and social resources derived from the societies are the most important guide principles of empowerment and organization.- The right of residence and security in residence along with civil responsibility: Facing non-official settlement, policy making is not based on prevention of emigration and residence in city but it is based on getting citizenship duties and responsibilities fulfillment across to the residents to enjoy these rights - Strengthening economical-social foundations of family emphasizing housing and employment: housing is the biggest capital of families that its maintenance and improvement protects family’s integrity and improves manpower’s efficiency and its interconnection with the society.- Comprehensive, expandable and prospective procedure: economical-social development should be coincident with physical promotion and improvement actions and in this process, institutionalized capacity development will be possible by participation and empowerment of local societies.- Fortification, role and duties of local management institutes in the process of empowerment and organization of non-official settlement: organization and proportional management institutionalization to guide and support organization and planned settlement by mutual participation of these societies and local institutions (especially Municipality and Islamic City Halls) are necessary for sustainability of executive actions and plans and guaranty of their success.

Sense of security has a particular position among different issues which have affected on calmness and the quality of life. In fact, sense of security is one of the most important human needs which can affect the provision of other needs and has significant association with them. On the other hand, Sense of security has significant association with the level of development, and the measurement and analysis of that can provide a theoretical and practical framework for control of high risk behaviors. All these statements show the needs of having more attention to provide a comprehensive and accurate look to the sense of security in different areas especially in the local scale for identifying and controlling the security in cities which nowadays and with more complex societies continuously has been threatened. One of the most important set of indexes which has significant association with sense of security is social pathologies including addiction, sexual corruption, thievery, unemployment, poverty and so on. In the other words, the existence of these social pathologies in each place can decrease security through providing risky condition. Attention to these factors can be more essential, if the analysis of security is related to the informal areas which have unsuitable condition from environmental (physical), economical and social aspect to control of social pathologies. In addition, the analysis of security in informal areas because of their culture and diversity customs of immigrants has great importance and its ignorance can cause induced participation and failure of urban plans such as empowerment plans. Khaksefid is one of the informal areas discussed. Although this area formed almost 50 years ago and now it joins to the Tehran through the sprawl growth of the city, it is similar to informal and spontaneous areas from many aspects and has a lot of problems especially from security point of view. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is surveying the social pathologies as one of the most effective indicators of security in the Khaksefid neighborhood and determining the scatter of social pathologies as one of the most effective indicators of security in the neighborhood and finding the level of security. For achieving the above aim, descriptive-analytical research with case study (Khaksefid neighborhood) was done through using means of attributive study. According to our study the most important social pathologies with regard to the condition of the case study (informal areas) are 6 social pathologies including addiction, sexual corruption, thievery, migration, poverty and unemployment.

Sustainability is an international policy with multi-dimensional concepts and implications for designing and planning. Nowadays the word of “stability” is used extensively to describe the world, where natural and human systems can continue their life together till long future. In addition, sustainability in a system is related to all its components and elements. Meanwhile, increasing the growth of urban population causes serious and often catastrophic effects on habitats and urban natural environments. But always much less attention is being paid to open, green and natural spaces in the cities. This matter influences especially environment, socio-economic, physical-spatial, and psychological and many other characteristics of a city and its residents. Whiles, existence of green spaces in a city affect its structure and function with response to people’s recreational demands.Recently, increasing of urban development have led to make distance between nature, works and home places, enhancement of transportation and population, not paying enough attention to human’s needs, behavioral abnormalities, and lack of sense of belonging to the environment that cause psychological and mental pressure on people. Therefore, creating and designing spaces where are responsive to their users will reduce the individual and social pressures.Cities as human’s life and work place are an important part of environment, where not only influence on the nature, but also can promote the quality of life, human’s emotions and their conceptions. So existence of such spaces in a city promotes the citizen’s spiritual-psychological health.This paper considers the function of urban nature in promoting the quality of human’s life conducting through a survey and distribution questionnaires among visitors of Chitgar Park in district 22 and analyzing the data. District 22 as the only sustainable region in Tehran, with new structure, open and extensive spaces, natural resources like Chitgar Park and various tourism potential such as artificial lake was selected due to the growth of urbanization in Tehran metropolitan and demands of citizens to natural spaces and recreational activities. The results review the relevance of people’s motivations to refer to natural spaces, the positive intangible emotional dimensions caused by being in the nature and its role to promote the quality of human’s life and mental health which are one of the main goals of sustainable development. The aim of this research is considering the importance and influence of spiritual dimension of nature on human’s life as an approach toward urban sustainability and recognizing the stable factors of environment and landscape in order to promote the quality of environment and create sustainable approach in all dimensions, which is accomplished to introduce the effective indicators and parameters of their structure. This paper concludes that urban nature provides citizens with their physical and spiritual needs. It is shown that the most reason of spending time in the nature is the need of relaxation along with enjoying the natural beauties. Escaping from the stressful cities, having sense of freedom and privacy in the nature, happiness and vitality, enjoying the silence of nature are the most factors attracting peoples to the nature.

In fulfilling the community requirements for creating comfortable living environment, the spatial distribution of cities to social and physical units are used. Mahallah and neighborhood are two kinds of these urban subdivisions. The physical arrangement of these units should respond to the needs of the local dwellers, their normative social customs and cultural norms, and climatic comfort.Neighborhood had a vital role in West urbanization in the last century too and developed as a system for a subdivision of the city. Different patterns of neighborhood have been defined by the urban planners especially during the last decades in West and they have undertaken important roles as planned physical units in the contemporary urban planning. Mahalleh has had a main role and a key concept in the history of Iranian urban structure and the social life of the citizens in traditional cities. Since urban plans have been introduced by the authorities to shape urban development in Iran half a century ago, the concept of the Iranian mahalleh as a socio-spatial phenomenon has been replaced by the physical and functional concept of West neighborhood.The aim of this research is to compare the concept, definition, roles and used principles of neighborhood in West and mahhaleh in Iran. The investigation as presented in this research goes beyond the explanation of appearance, shape and the like in residential districts and has sought to illuminate the principles and roles behind the physical expression, the spatial organization and its relation to sociality of place. In defining the characters of mahalleh in Iran and the Western neighborhood an analytical approach has been applied. Five criteria have been selected for comparing the neighborhood and mahalleh as follows: the concept, definition, importance and roles in city structure, the principles shaping them, the patterns and landmarks. The selected case studies are Fahadan mahalleh in the historic fabric of Yazd in Iran and a Western neighborhood in the city of Radburn in the United States. Comparison was focused on two design principles of territory and centrality.The results indicate major differences between these two types of urban subdivisions. The concept of Iranian mahalleh can be regarded as a social unit with some distinguished physical features while the Western neighborhood can be considered as a physical unit with some distinguished social characteristics. The difference between these two concepts is very important in their use and role in the city structure. Moreover, the Iranian mahalleh has gained a more complete definition and deeper social meaning in the life of inhabitants, than neighborhood in contemporary Western societies, but at the same time more patterns of the neighborhood have been developed in West while the Iranian mahalleh is neglected in urban programs and plans from the last half of the century onwards. The study proposes new thinking about what we have in our traditional urban planning and design and rely more on the concept of traditional elements such as mahalleh in the master plans of new developments instead of easily adopted the foreign patterns and structures.

Worldwide warnings emanated from the energy crisis of the 70th decade, made different communities seek solutions to overcome the problem. In this regard, the terms of energy saving as one of the main components of sustainable paradigm have become much more important. Since 30 to 40 percent of energy consumption is related to construction industry, energy efficiency in the scale of buildings and architecture is so determinative. As a result, these issues have to be well recognized by architects throughout the design process. Regarding the mentioned matter, one of the most important tools is computer simulation technology of energy consumption by the use of software. Simulation software as well as the other building software simultaneously provides designers with more appropriate strategies during the design process. These kinds of simulation undertake the time consuming and repetitive tasks to allow the users to evaluate more options and review them in order to achieve the optimum solution. Over the past 50 years, literally hundreds of building energy programs have been developed, enhanced and are in use. The core tools in the building energy field are the whole-building energy simulation programs, which provide users with key building performance indicators such as energy use and demand, temperature, humidity and costs. During that time, a number of comparative surveys of energy programs have been published.Due to the essence of architecture, it seems the reason which architects rarely use simulation technology during the design process is complexity for them as well as special skills requirement and also practical knowledge in dealing with such tools. Aim of this paper is to seek the capabilities of energy simulation programs in the field of architecture in such a way that the one meeting the most needs of architects as well as being helpful to them in designing can be finally introduced.So many studies have been done to provide comparison criteria and examine the capabilities of the existing simulation tools so far. But these researches haven’t included all aspects and also the desired capabilities in domain of architecture have been rarely considered. Therefore in the first step, the twenty outstanding simulation tools in the world are introduced. Through adaptive comparison using the information of software developer companies and a new version of the report presented in 2006 in cooperation with the University of Straus Clyde and Visconsin University in America and the U.S. Energy Department, five software candidates of the paper in terms of architectural capabilities have been selected. In the next step, the results of two researches have been used to introduce the most common simulation software among architects in practice. The first study done by John Hensen has shown a survey in which 50 architects have been asked about using simulation tools. In the second research, the use of such programs in the American architecture schools has been investigated. Finally in order to validating the paper findings through the combination of the results of theoretical and practical domains, the optimum energy simulation tools for architects are proposed.

Since Adam and Eve were drifted from paradise, they always yearned to return and settle down there as an endless, safe and eternal land which has been promised to the pious and righteous men in Islam and the previous religions. Iranian garden is one of the most prominent and ever-lasting forms of Iranian arts during the history, originating in achaemenid. Since the origin, Iranians have regarded to the garden as the manifestation of fact from pre-existence reality.The garden is the physical representation of four integrated elements of water, soil, wind (air) and fire (light) which were not only paid attention for combination of the universe but also for creation of the body just as it has been mentioned in Quran for the four fold combination of human body.The God has used different ways to guide, punish and reward humans such as narrating the stories so that they can learn from the destiny of the pious or pagan men. He has discribed the Heaven as the reward of the pious men and believers in Islam with it’s hierarchy being specified in compatibility with human’s nature. The human has created the garden instinctively to be a symbol of the universe. In safavid era, garden-making was symbolic and referred to the Earth paradise in different books and documents. The Muslim has never sought to build a mortal garden in the temporal world. In the case of using counter symbols with the promised heaven elements, it has been tried to enrich and conceptualize the architecture of the garden.According to the traditional and oriented thought which fallows metaphysics and searching for conceptualism in this world, it is considered as a reality form of eternal truth and has created stable meaning in architecture and urbanism which has been extracted from its worldview.Certainly, what Quran describes as Heaven in the other world, has inherent difference with that on this word. These differences contains two parts:1.There is no change in Heaven and everything is ever eternal, imperishable.2.whatever is willed, will be available.Iranian gardens were built in flat and plain or on the sloped lands which lead the land to be more beautiful with their trees and falls.Iran gardens have been the symbol of Heaven on earth that it has been referred in different documents. Reintroduction of Iranian garden and identification of mental and anatomical similarities are paid attention to in this paper to suggest a new paradigm.Although in most papers related to the gardens of Islamic era, it has been a mentioned to similarity of garden and Heaven, it isn’t scrutinized how this similarity was applied.This paper has paid attention to recognize the Iranian garden, its components, physical and mental similarities of the symbols which are presented in Iranian garden of Islamic era. First, there is offered a historical and analytical interpretation and second is reviewed it`s components with the descriptions of heaven in Quran which has been compared with heaven elements in Iranian garden.

Cities quality which goes with logical observations in design and quality control process of spaces, cultural, social and etc. evolution our Modern cities have been impressed with these events during era and essential situation for people active presence, social relationship and formation of behavioral station don’t gear up in line with it. Besides last and present abilities, these cities don’t desire their citizens’ participation which is structural axis of betterment and enhancement of this category. There is usually a question in scientific and occupational constellations that what the reasons and factors of this deficiency are and what effective solutions are for formation of human behavior in seed- bed of cities.A right and identified urban environment is a place where fits with human and his culture and behaviors and is as a tools for engagement between human and his society, Past and its history, urban lifetime, time, environment and it’s around nature. Having identification of an urban environment increase the sense of place belonging near people and encourage them to more presence in space and relationship with each other. If human intervenes in urban environment without paying attention to secret significance, enthusiasm will be injured and people will shrink from presence in space and social contacts.Urban designers want to answer to human requirement in urban spaces with designed intervention in it. So sense of belonging to a place will be created and people will take heart form presence of space and establishment of social relationship. These events will help to form behavioral stations and will be created and identified urban environment. Social, behavioral and psychological factors are some of the main factors for regeneration of environment identity. So designers’ and urban planners’ interventions have to be toward orientation of human behavioral patterns and a kind of relation between environment and human behavior have to be considered for gaining a desirable identity. Because the ruling determinism between human behavior and environment domain for manifestation of unique behavioral patterns. This article wants to identify the cities last identity and its factors until their last identity becomes clarified.Psychological and behavioral factors include collection of relationships that result between people and place or urban environments. Although these relationships have various origins and result with different tools, their result is conceptual and psychological consideration and effects on creative conversation between city and citizens.Missing identity of an urban environment will be known with logical designable interventions and all endeavors will be because of regeneration and lost identity.It has been decided in this article to be identified the human behaviors and activities and interaction between behavior and environment. So a kind of desirable identity will be externalized with contributing behavioral patterns in cities. Therefore, reciprocal effects of these behavioral patterns will prove with surveying a case about the regeneration of an urban environment identity (entrance of city). But then again, relation between human essence in urban space and permanence and desirable behavioral pattern are some other achievements of this article.

Time is an abstract meaning which has different interpretations and even paradoxes. It seems because of its complexity in expression and technical definition. According to this, some of time`s evidences are necessary for recognition and avoiding common misunderstanding. In field of designing, urban design as a profession of increasing the public realm qualities, attention to four dimensions that the fourth one which is emphasized by most of the designers is the time. In order to use this concept in urban design, temporal dimension needs precise theories and applications of time in city. Indeed, cities are changed through the time. New buildings are constructed and elders are destructed and urban environments are continuously along changes.Certainly, for avoiding historic ruin, some guidance and control instruments for changes are necessary. The way of realize and foreseeing the future by urban designers has an important role in environmental changes. On the other hand, one of the most significant and useful meanings in temporal dimension, that designers have to know, are those things which changes during the time and those remains without any changes. Therefore, one of the principles in new methods of urban design is to endeavor the accent of sense of place and linkage the time to past and as a result preserve the character of place.The aim and scope of this paper is to recognize the content and application of temporal dimension as an important concept in urban design. Because of this aim, consideration to sense of time in urban design process is the main goal of this article.The comparative content analysis of publications and analytical approach with the base of grounded theory is method of this research. In this regard, some related terms such as sense of time, time perception, time management, time cycles and periods of changes and continuity of place came up with temporal dimension in urban design.The structure of this research, base upon two parts. In the first part, some ambiguities in definition of time were expressed and the second part focuses on relation between urban design and concept of time. In this paper an attempt has been made to identify and illustrate the concept of time in city spaces, public places. In other word, the paper tries to determine functionality and application of sense of time in design as well as answering the questions raised on the main causes in temporal dimension.Findings of this research show that sense of time in urban design has three main factors. Identification of activity patterns in different periods, identification of urban structural elements for conserving them and finally time management of urban development projects are the most important requirements in time- based urban design approach. Recommendation of urban design strategies for responding to these points is the other result of this inquiry. These policies and strategies are more necessary for enhancing the sense of place and continuity of place. Shaping urban public spaces and environments has a deep relation to the time framing and management.