Journal of Applied Sociology
Year:2017 | Volume:27 | Issue:4(64) |Papers Count:13

Introduction: Among the economical sectors of the country, residential sector is the largest final consumer of energy and unlike the other sectors, its energy intensity is upward. In this regard, targeted subsidies law is a basic measure by the ninth government which began by the president’s command since 2010 despite the opposition of a number of economists and MPs with the way of its implementation that was a price reform (rising) plan to energy carriers with a focus to reduce energy consumption in all consumer sectors, especially residential sector. The residential sector consists of different groups regarding economic, social and cultural features and it seems that identical changes of prices of gas and electricity for all these groups as result of targeted subsidies law implementation have different effects on the level of energy consumption in these groups. Therefore, after nearly three years of implementation of the law and on the verge of implementation of the second phase, the study is to investigate the effects of social (Social-Economical Status) and cultural (environmental culture) features on the level of change in gas and electricity consumption of households in Esfahan city after the implementation of targeted subsidies law.Materials & Methods: Regarding the purpose, the study is practical and regarding the nature and methods, it is descriptive-analysis and casual-comparative (post-event). The data for investigating the research hypotheses are collected by field method. The study population of the research is all the households living in all fourteen districts of Esfahan municipality and 145 households were selected from the 492767 households living in Esfahan city in 2011 by the use of Cochran formula (confidence level of 90 percent) and the data were collected by referring to them using simple random sampling. In order to analyze the effects of the variables, namely Social-Economical Status and environmental culture of the households, on the level of change in gas and electricity consumption after the implementation of targeted subsidies law, we used multivariate regression model of binomial logistics. SPSS software was also used to do the calculation and achieving the results.Discussion of Results & Conclusions: The results of the research showed that: 1- Social-Economical Status of Esfahan households did not have a significant effect on reducing the consumption of gas and electricity after the implementation of targeted subsidies law.2- The effects of environmental culture of Esfahan households on the possibility of gas and electricity energy saving on both levels (low and average) have been negative.In order to justify the lack of any significant relationship between Social-Economical Status Esfahan households and reducing gas and electricity consumption, the reasons are presented as follows in two divisions of sociological and economic fields: A) Sociological analysis: For many years, Social-Economical Status has been a powerful and significant variable in the area of social sciences which is used to explain a host of social attitudes and behaviors. But the lack of relationship between this variable and dependent variables of the research, despite the research hypothesis on the relationship between these two variables, is theoretically very important for the society that is studied, Therefore, it is likely that the views of some sociologists such as Veblen, Weber and Bourdieu who believe in social class life and also believe that socio-economic class factor affects the formation of lifestyle, have been fading away and lack explanatory ability. On the other hand, the approach of intellectuals such as Anthony Giddens, Mike Featherstone and Ulrich Beck is able to analyze the case in a better way. According to the views of these sociologists, social classes do not determine the selective consumption patterns of people so that it is not possible to separate the lifestyles according to the social classes and the lifestyles break boundaries of social class differentiations. In fact, lifestyle is neither a social class concept nor a tool for distinction, but it is offered as a new concept against the social class. From such a viewpoint, in modern societies similar consumption behaviors are observed among people from different social classes which show the class integration of lifestyles. In other words, we deal with a lifestyle which does not particularly belong to a group or a class, but it is only significant in the cultural changes of modernity and the growth of consumerism culture.B) Economic Analysis: According to economic studies on this subject, justifications for the lack of relationship can be outlined as follows: 1- Inelasticity of energy demand (consumption) for residential sector against the price changes - even in long term - and the necessity of energy commodity in the households carts.2- Limitations to find alternatives for energy consumption such as gas and electricity for the households: the reason is the different technologies for using gas, electricity and other types of energy in household appliances. Even if the alternatives are technically possible, it is not economical for the consumers to change their consumption patterns and their energy appliances for slight fluctuations in energy prices (especially knowing that the fluctuations are very slight on the basis of real prices).3- Since gas and electricity are necessary commodities for residential sector, this sector at least has to use them for heat, light, cooking, etc. In most cases, reducing the consumption of these two energy carriers leads to nothing but lowering the level of well-being and as a result causing numerous social, cultural and sanitary abnormalities and increasing discontent in the society. Therefore, it is natural that energy consumption in household sector is not a function of its price.4- Energy consumption in residential sector is a function of its previous patterns which means that the consumers of this sector act according to their consumption habits.5- Regarding the electricity, it can be said that refrigerators, freezers, coolers and TV sets share the greater part of electricity consumption in households which includes 60% of the total energy consumption by the households. It seems that despite rising electricity price after implementation of the law, the household consumer still uses the same electrical appliances, because most families - especially in inflation condition after implementation of the law - can not afford to buy energy-saving modern appliances.6- For wealthy households who can afford to buy energy-saving appliances it is not economical to change their consumption patterns and appliances for the slight fluctuations in the price of gas and electricity (especially in inflation condition after implementation of the law).7- Although at the beginning of targeted subsidies law implementation, the government attempted to increase the nominal prices of gas and electricity of the residential sector, only after two months the real price of electricity and after four months the real price of gas have been declining due to fixing the nominal prices of these two energy carriers after the beginning of the plan and ignoring the consumer price index while pricing these two energy carriers.In order to explain the negative effect of households environmental culture on energy consumption reduction it can be argued that households with higher cultures before the implementation of targeted subsidies law had more thrifty behaviors comparing to households from lower cultures, therefore, there is less possibility for them to save energy under the law implementation.It seems that price changing of gas and electricity is not an appropriate leverage to reform energy consumption pattern (gas and electricity) of residential sector, but energy saving in this sector by logical use of energy through creating the consumption culture alongside price changing of energy carriers can have a significant effect on consumption control in this section.

Introduction: Trust is one of the basic elements of social relationship and one of the basic pre-requirements for the economic, social, cultural and political development of each society. Social capital referred to the networks of relationships between people, so that it can be influencing for development and security each society, if it be in sustainable and extensive situation. Greater the social relationships, will lead to better situation in social capital in society. Social capital has various dimensions and parts, from which the social trust is the most major and important concepts and dimensions of the social capital. Social trust is one of important aspects of human relations and the background of participation and cooperation of society members. Trust, is facilitate the participation of society members in the various economic, social, political and cultural backgrounds and increase the tendencies of people for cooperation between various groups. Social trust is the most important motivation for having interrelations in society and enthusiast people for more relations with others. Many social scientists see social trust as a sensation which lead to cooperation and by such sensation and cooperation, human being will be able to solve problems, beside differences. Thus social trust has crucial role in social interactions and associations. This study had been aimed to investigate the relationships between altruistic tendencies and the social trust in interpersonal relationships among Yasouj 18 years and older residents. According to the role of social trust, especially the social trust in interpersonal relationships, in facilitating the social relationships this study is important.Material & Methods: Theories of Coleman, Game theory, and social networks had been used for theoretical framework. Using survey method and questionnaire, statistical society size was 88, 278, from which, based on Lin sampling method (Line, 1976), 384 cases were determined as sample size. Face validity and Cronbach's alpha were used for validity and reliability of questionnaire, respectively. Pearson correlation was used for evaluation of relationships between altruistic tendencies and social trust in interpersonal relationships and independent samples t-test was used for evaluation of significant difference in social trust in interpersonal relationships according to marital situation of respondents.Discussion of Results & Conclusions: Generally the outcomes of the research showed that there has been a significant relationship (sig: 0.000) between the altruistic tendency and social trust in interpersonal relationship. The results of the research also showed that there hasn`t significant difference between the rate of social trust in interpersonal relationships between married and single respondents and the mean of social trust in respondents has been 25.2 (of expected mean=27).These findings are compatible with Coleman’s social trust theory and game theory. Based on the game theory, individuals, as social actors, attempt to due to rule game have interaction with each other for their goal achievement. It can be argued that unwritten rule of altruistic tendencies and behaviors for individuals (as a type of social interaction), is the social trust in personal relationships and both of them have synergic function for facilitating the social behaviors. This finding is compatible with Social networks theory, so that the mentioned theory focuses on structure of social relationships. Altruistic tendency is both in compatible with trust to others in personal relationships and lead to trust empowerment in personal relationships. Due to functional adjustment between altruistic tendencies and social trust in personal relationships, their significant relationship is justifiable, theoretically. Findings, also has been compatible with Coleman theory which argued that there is a rational view for trusting and distrusting for people.

Introduction: In the present age because of intensive competition, rising customer expectations, focusing on quality, organizations are demanding more and more creativity, innovation, acceptance of responsibility, providing constructive ideas and ways to improve the work and the organization of their staff have. Undoubtedly, empowerment and survival of the organization to a large extent depends on the knowledge that is born of the idea of human resources. Organizations to survive and stay in the competition in need of individuals, who responded to the challenges of their environment and the decisions and ideas about organizational problems and challenges and sharing of information and knowledge, not fear. University Center of most excellent scientific progress in all fields that enhance science and knowledge in society. Undoubtedly, the knowledge capital for any organization is key to the survival in a competitive world. The origin of production of knowledge in university is halls of discourse that includes several discourse of the ethical discourse. On the other hand Today regarding intense competition and the speed of information and the challenges facing organizations modern, performance evaluation model for determining success of the organization and develop a strategic plan based on the organization's strengths and weaknesses of, it seems necessary. Such needs and inefficiency and weaknesses of measurement systems with traditional performance has been makes creation of new models to evaluate the performance of level of organization. Since few studies have been done on the phenomenon of organizational silence and so far, a study Is not paid to the investigate impact of the silence on reduced of teamwork and organizational performance the purpose of this study is investigate the impact organizational Silence on reduction teamwork and organizational performance.Material & Methods: The current research method is descriptive and the research project used, was based on Structural equations model. The statistical population is all employees Razi University of Kermanshah 203 which they were selected by stratified random sampling method. Data were gathered through three questionnaires, The organizational silence, team work and organizational performance. The data after collecting were analyzed by SPSS and LISREL.Discussion of Results & Conclusions: Results of structural equation modeling showed that: Direct effect of organizational silence on Reduction of teamwork (0/47) is positive and significant. Also direct effect this variable on Reduction of organizational performance (0/52) is positive and significant. The researchers hope to identify the characteristics of organizational silence and testing relationships this variable with teamwork and organizational performance in general could lead organizations to the cultures that encourage and acceptance of ideas, comments, and concerns of staff and the acceptance of a culture of teamwork. One of the ways in which you can make such a change in within the organization the senior management believes the climate of open communication and is support of such a climate. Also, taking measures managers think that if they choose solution to conflicts accepted by majority of the employees. In this way, managers are enjoying more from the minds of their organizations can outpace your competitors. Also, managers can help by changing the organizational culture In order to the Learning organizations and development of regulations to support the views of staff and encourage them to present views of in the framework of the establishment of an appropriate reward system for Creative suggestions and using them for administration and the decision making to send the fading phenomenon of silence in their organization. In order to effect organizational silence on teamwork to can were acceptance of behavior responsibility or performance, commitment, and adherence to the decisions and plans and trust among staff is reduced. Also can to be effective in order to would rather individual need than team needs. In order to organizational performance should be noted that performance measurement is an important strategic processes while improving response the achieving the goals and programs of each organization determines.

Introduction: At the present era, rapid and multi-faceted developments of knowledge and technology, as well as environmental fast changes have provided organizations with new and complicated circumstances. These complex changes place organizations in such an environment full of changes, uncertainty, complexity and dynamism, that is called strategic environment. Such circumstances make organizations inevitable to improve their strategies, and respond to their internal and external contingencies in order to be able to guarantee their meaningful survival in present and future environment. So, it is essential to apply organizational strategies and potentialities to communicate more with the society, and give meaningful and desirable response to environmental changes and transformations. Hence, organizations must use organizational solidarity- known as an important factor in organization success and effective on organizational performance to empower organizations to be able to respond suitably to environmental circumstances and contingencies. Since organizational solidarity indicates organization’s ability in planning, and change initiation, it is expected that creating and maintaining organizational solidarity strategies could provide necessary ground to create organizational favorable changes and developing readiness for organizational changes. To be more specific, the main goal of this study was investigate the effect of organizational Solidarity on readiness for change in the branches of a state bank in Shiraz city.Materials and Methods: The research Approach used in the study was quantitative and the method was survey, with a descriptive goal. Data was collected by using researcher-designed questionnaire of Organizational Readiness for Change and also organizational Solidarity scale (Torkzadeh, Taghizadeh & Moharrer, 2012). Research participants were 221 employee (45 women and 176 men) who were selected by using simple cluster sampling method. All of the participants completed scales of researcher-made questionnaire of readiness for change and organizational solidarity. For inferential statistics and to test the hypotheses, we used Structural Equation Model (SEM) and one-sample t-test. The data was analyzed by SPSS 19 and LISREL 8.54 software' s.Discussion of Results & Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that, organizational solidarity explained 0.78 of the organizations readiness for change. So it can be said that organizational solidarity was a significant predictor for readiness for organizational change. It should be noted that the readiness for organizational change and organizational solidarity in the field of research as well as higher than moderate level and lower than optimum was estimated. As a whole organizational solidarity can directly affect Organizational Readiness for Change. Practical implications of the findings were discussed.As results indicate, once we could achieve organizational solidarity that employees cooperate well to achieve organizational common goals and meet each other needs, divide their job responsibilities, and also take responsibilities for their activities or faults. Organizational solidarity makes employees accept changes, and enhances their readiness through group interactions and interpersonal relations. Thus, once employees show solidarity, solidarity and empathy while doing duties and performing individual and organizational responsibilities, solidarity is considered as a bed for organizational desirability achievement and creating appropriate changes. Thereby, it’s expected that organizational solidarity will provide organizational readiness for change.

Introduction: Religion influences the society in an interactional process with it and it can be considered as an important part of culture and among the most important factors affecting individuals’ behaviors and actions. Commitment to religion can be drawn in to general belief and behavioral parts. In other words, we consider a person as religious when he has accepted belief issues and founds his behaviors based on his beliefs. Therefore, any deficit in each of these two dimensions can influence the other. Festinger names the deep gap between beliefs and ritual behaviors as cognitive discordance.The present study has tried to investigate the cognitive dissonance about religion using a social interpretivism. Using the grounded theory, a situational, particular, and deductive model of participants’ understanding. This model in fact has been the reflection of evaluation and understanding of participants from the direction of the gap between theory and practice about religion. In the present study, the researcher based on the logic that the qualitative methodology is only an instrument for extracting and categorizing that which is occurring in the field of the study.Method: The methodology of the present study is qualitative and the method of grounded theory has been used. The data collection technique is the semi-structured interview, and to select participants, the convenient and theoretical sampling methods were used.Discussion, results and conclusions: In the present study, what has been considered as the first point was that the degree of Iranian youth’s religiosity has not been trapped in a critical situation and the youth have deeply believed in basic religious beliefs. According to this issue, it seems that the process of religious socialization can comprehensively transfer the genuine religious beliefs to the younger generation because most participants had firm beliefs about principles of the religion such as belief in God, acceptance of the day of Doom, and imamate (the Imam of the Age). Accordingly, it can be said that the society has been able to act appropriately in terms of internalizing this dimension, i.e. deepening basic beliefs of the religion among the younger generation.Regarding the ritual dimension, it can be said that the youth are oriented towards private religion and the selective reactions to religion. It means that regarding some of the religion aspect (ritual dimension), they acted totally subjective. The other issue is that the youth due to their own mental capabilities, cannot tolerate merely imitative religion. They reject religious beliefs which have been induced imitatively and are to accept that religion consistent with their thoughts.The other issue is the acceptance of pluralism in religion. In fact, students do not tend to imitate a particular type of customs and principles.The results of the present study indicate that young participants in the dimension of basic beliefs have confirmed beliefs by religion, but in other dimensions, particularly in the ritual dimension of participants, they re-conceptualize issues in this field and based on their understanding, and even in case of contradiction with religion, they adopted some methods. From among the reasons of the discontinuation based on grounded and mediator conditions, the weakness of textbooks contents, religious experts, incompatibility of promises and practices of claimers of religion, and family-environmental atmospheres can be referred to.Participants of the present study can be divided into two groups: The first group are those individuals who have no intellectual coherency in the attitudinal dimension (ritual and ethical beliefs) and are involved with tensions in each field.The second group are those individuals who enjoy intellectual coherency and integrity in each of the attitudinal fields, but their attitudinal and behavioral dimensions have no compatibility with each other.But regarding the approach adopted by the studied students, the three following groups can be considered: Those who after confusions and crises, achieve a firm understanding and belief about their religion Individuals who suffer from incoordination and have not been able to cope with this incoordination and Those who change their attitudinal dimension and avoid religion in one way or another in order to be free of their internal tensions.In case of temporal sections when individuals face incoordination, it should be noted that in ages from 15-18 years old, i.e. years of high school, individuals face questions and doubts in their religious beliefs and are meant to answer questions and find their own ambiguities, but unfortunately, they face more frustration. As a result, the weakness of the individuals who are considered as religious experts and missionaries is another reason of the youth’s aversion of religion. Not only these individuals have not been able to answer uncertainties of the young generation, but also their repulsiveness causes the aversion from religion among some of the youth and the confusion of some others due to their inappropriate behaviors as well as weaknesses in their own knowledge.Our religious books, whether that set which are taught as general courses in universities or those which are sold in markets are not appropriate for doubts and questions of the new generation. Repetitive and old subject matters, shallow thoughts and failure to be unbiased in arguments have caused that these intellectual thoughts practically lose their own effectiveness in educating this generation. In addition, in most text books and non-academic books in the field of religion emphasize more the emotional and sensual dimensions rather than rational and logical aspects and this issue has caused that the youth see the issue of religion as a merely peripheral subject.

Introduction: According to the survey, worry, anxiety and stress are most concerned about the future of female-headed households and children that these factors can have a significant impact in reducing the quality of women's lives. According to the World Health Organization's definition of quality groups, quality of life and the perception of its place in life, according to the cultural context and objectives, criteria and variables like health concerns and individual refers to physical, psychological status, independence and social relations comes. This intensifies the need for social search. The health of people in the community affected by environmental variables, economic and social values. Therefore, according to the health awareness of people, education, health, social support and life style with ingredients, such as education, income, employment, living conditions and many economic factors - other community in defining the health status of the population under consideration is (Benny F, 2014).According to the research, including Rabbani (2007) compared the quality of life in people have married. In another set of studies, including Ahmad (2009), Rimaz (2013) Factors affecting the quality of life, in other research, such as Latyfa and support (2015) Tasyrsbkhay deal on the quality of life. Most of the similarities between this research by studying Shabanzadeh (2013) that coping style and social support on quality of life of women heads of households studied in Tehran, distinguishes this study is to reduce stress as intended mediator and aims to provide a conceptual model of the relationship between perceived social support and quality of life by taking mediator perceived stress will be examined.Material & Methods: Since the purpose of the study was to determine causal relationships between the dimensions of social support, stress reduction, quality of life in a conceptual model is number one, then the purpose of applied research in terms of quantitative and descriptive and relational data collection and Structural equation is determined based Brmdlyaby. In the analytical model, the independent variables of perceived social support, perceived stress mediator, quality of life are dependent variables. The population of the study included all women who are heads of households in Sanandaj in 2015 consisted of 420 people, according to Morgan and cluster sampling method, a sample size of 200 patients were selected. To measure social support, perceived social support scale Zimet and collegues (1988) was used. This scale consists of 12 items that three factors: perceived support from family, significant others and friends gives check. Cohen and colleagues from the Perceived Stress Scale was used to measure the perceived general stress. Quality of life questionnaire SF-36 was used to assess the health status of individuals.Discussion of Results & Conclusions: The results of the theoretical model of the relationship between social support and stress and quality of life with revised (elimination of important people support the quality of life and reduce stress) support necessary to bring the action. In theory, it was hypothesized that reducing stress in the initial model are also directly affects the quality of life, family support and advocacy mediating the effects of these two variables are the most important people on quality of life. The hypothetical model the effects of stress on quality of life is completely focused on mental health were approved. enjoy. Supporting the family and quality of life results showed a significant positive correlation with quality of life, focusing on the mental health of women heads of family support that the results of the president and Islam (1388), Shabanzadeh and colleagues (2013), Fvndakarv and Mouse (1987), Melissa et al. (2015) as well. Increased support for the family as the results of the study showed that most women will use problem-focused coping and mental health as well as improve the quality of life is enhanced. As Melissa and colleagues (2015) also showed that social support improves mental health and improve quality of life. People who have close family can spend them with their problems and seek help from them. Even if they cannot guide them, emotional support they can reduce stress. In crisis, environmental systems and individual systems together can influence health outcomes. Based on the results of this study, the lack of family support system as the environmental variables, such as stress and psychological consequences for vulnerable people. But family support as an important variable of the social system in critical situations, the person helped in reducing stress, lack of family support, so that in this stressful situation, a lot of stress on individuals, it can be psychological consequences such as stress lead and makes people highly vulnerable to stress. Individual and family support, leaving only grief and also understand their situation, makes it easier for people to deal with their problems and accept its conditions. The acceptance and understanding of the family, reduce negative thoughts, isolation and mental rumination and advance to reduce stress. its peak, and higher levels of resiliency and coping and resilience in the face of accidents and injuries will have. Ltyfa and support (2015) found fathers stress can influence the nature, characteristics of the individual, the environment and the needs and resources, to understand and apply their coping responses to stress and enhance your quality of life increased. But in support of important people and there was no significant correlation between quality of life and results Shabani et al (2013) denies.is. According to the population and sample selected in Sanandaj, the generalization of the results to other provinces should be done with a little caution.be responsible for the community, training in how to support these people by offering social institutions. The health authorities with continuing education, life skills, such as problem-solving and coping with stress and excitement, these people helped to solve problems and to help them improve their quality of life.

Introduction: Consequent changes of development seriously changes ruling rules of human beings life and causes social, identity and role related deep impacts especially in some kinds of groups. Women are the most important group which their identity, status, role and life quality during development has been transformed. Women have to balance identity, power and status with family roles and responsibilities often in conflict and psychological distancing from the spouse resulting in tension, stress and strain.Knowledge evolution in recent age through new technologies and by changing economic relations has caused women intellectual development, education level promotion, egalitarianism and their entrance to public arenas. But gender stereotypes and roles still force limitations on women participation and presence.Material and Methods: The method was survey and data gathered using a questionnaire designed by researcher containing 8 question groups. Nearly almost of questions was in Likert scale. Cronbach alpha for scale subgroups were above.70 and acceptable, showing that all subscales have good reliability.Population of study was 102773 women aged at 25-50 in Hamedan. Employed women of this population were 19166 people which 248 sample were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling and by Cochran sampling formula.Based on some theoretical view points such as role conflict theory, feminist theories about women status and socialization and scarcity hypothesis, a theoretical model was created and some variables were identified as independent including: gendered labor division, motherhood role performance, and conjunct and detached family network, positive attitude of women and men about women employment, believing to gender stereotypes. Role conflict feeling, familial, sexual and financial conflicts were as mediate and dependent variables. Study hypothesis includes: There is a relationship between gendered labor division and role conflict feeling of women.Familial relations amount have a positive relation with gendered labor division.Positive attitude toward women employment has a negative impact on role conflict feeling.Number of children and role conflict feeling are statistically related to each other.Role conflict feeling increases family conflicts.Believe to gender stereotypes increases role conflict feeling.Motherhood role performance increases role conflict feeling.Employed women education and income are related with role conflict feeling.Discussion of results and Conclusion: Results of descriptive and inferential statistics show that gender labor division has the most percent at lower and higher intermediate level. Motherhood and positive attitude of men toward women job is at upper intermediate level. In contrast, believing to gender stereotypes is at lower intermediate level. There is a positive relationship between gender socialization with gender labor division, attitude of husband and wife to occupation and women believing to gender stereotypes. It also shows that role conflict gender labor division has an important effect on women’s family conflict.Gender labor division of 43.8 percent of women at home was upper intermediate.41.5 percent had lower intermediate, 8.8 percent high and 5.8 percent had low gender labor division. So, gender labor division has nearly high incidence.Motherhood role performance of 46.5 percent of respondents was at high intermediate level.31.5 percent had lower intermediate, 14.3 percent high and 7.7 percent low motherhood role performance. So nearly 60 percent of women had higher intermediate or high motherhood role performance.One of conflict sources within family is negative attitude of men toward women employment, Most of our respondents have positive evaluation toward women employment. Results also show that believing to gender stereotypes among respondents is at low level.Role conflict feeling of 44.2 percent of employed women was at lower intermediate level. It was for 40.4 percent at high intermediate, for 8.1 percent high and for 7.3 percent at low level. Therefore, it can be concluded that low role conflict has more incidence among women.Familial conflicts at population were at moderate level, so that low and high family conflicts percents are nearly equal. Sexual conflicts have some different status. So, these conflicts have the least incidence. But results show that financial conflicts have more incidence than others. Familial conflicts are at next order.Pearson correlation test of gender labor division and role conflict feeling is significant and the relation is positive. Positive attitudes of women and their spouses toward women employment with role conflict feeling. The Pearson coefficient of relation between positive attitudes of women toward their employment and role conflict feeling is somewhat greater than for men attitudes.Regression analysis of income impact on role conflict feeling is significant and the relation is positive but weak. Relationship of believing gender stereotypes and role conflict feeling is positive and weak. So that the greater believing gender stereotypes the greater role conflict feeling.Gender labor division is nearly at moderate level among respondents. Motherhood role performance is still high among women and this shows that many occupations have not weakened this role. Men have positive attitudes toward women job. In contrast, believing to gender stereotypes is low. Among all kinds of studied conflicts, financial ones are at top and sexual conflict at end order. So there is a need to provide some kind consultation for families. There is a positive relationship between gender socialization with gender labor division, attitude of husband and wife to occupation and women believing to gender clichés. It also shows that role conflict has an important effect on women’s family conflict. Gender labor division increases role conflict feeling. Families should seriously reconsider this duty within family. Conflicts are contagion from one arena to another. Therefore, weak management of one kind of conflicts can lead to its contagion.

Introduction: Emotions has crucial role in human personal and social life. Envy as a human emotion, has important consequences for social interactions. Emotions cannot be understood without some attention to the social forces that influence them. Emotions reflect the norms, attitudes, and values of groups as well as individuals, they are useful and dangerous for groups as well as individuals. Envy is one of the most pervasive human emotions that observed in all societies and experienced when person compared himself with others and found himself with lower position and opportunities. This experience that is mainly negative, have social consequences and influenced by social interactions and structures. Envy same to other human emotions, is socially constructed and shaped by social forces. The aim of this inquiry was to explore the student’s understanding and interpretation of envy and the social contexts and forces from their view of point.Material & Methods: The research done in qualitative approach, and used grounded theory as research strategy and data analysis method. The research field was Yazd University and the population include students from different fields of study including humanities, engineering and basic sciences. Sample selected by Purposive sampling method for identifying interviewees and theoretical sampling used to determining the number of participants. Participant Students selected from different characteristics (gender, age, education, Socio-economic status) to have the maximum diversity. Theoretical sampling also used to achieving theoretical saturation. Data gathered by semi-structured interview were conducted with 40 male and female students. The results trustworthiness evaluated by 4 criteria including credibility, dependability, Conformability, Transformability as alternatives to the classical criteria of validity and reliability. Member Check, Analytical Comparison and Auditing used to assess findings credibility. In order to meet the criterion of transferability, the research field thoroughly be described. For assessing dependability, all interviews and data analysis process saved and in order to be necessary, could be provided to inspectors. To achieve criterion Conformability, Results Analysis and Theory derived from data analysis were compared with raw data to confirm the results by the data. The research data analyzed by theoretical coding in three levels include open, axial and selective coding.Discussion of Results & Conclusions: During coding process, meaningful concepts and categories extracted from data and research theoretical model emerged finally. After doing open, axial and selective coding, 8 categories emerged. Main categories include deprivation risk, inequality, materialism, media, social comparison, learned envy, Evaluation of justice and Personal traits. “social motivation of envy” emerged as core category. Based on the views of Participants, different social contexts involved in motivating of envy. Inequality and materialism are social factors of the macro-level and structural conditions that creates envy. Inequality, sense of discrimination and Class difference lead to sense of deprivation among social actors. Also materialist value orientation and sense of Deprivation of privileges in compare to others cause envy. Media stimulating content and learned envy at the micro level, can be motivate envy in social interactions. Mass media, specially Television can be motivate social comparison, and presents inequalities, and Teaching the rules of envy In different positions. Personal traits Such as self-esteem and confidence and life satisfaction as intervening conditions increase the effect of structural and causal conditions on envy. Deprivation risk was a crucial phenomenon that envious persons encountered by it before experience envy. Persons at opposite deprivation risk they do strategies social comparison and evaluation of justice that can impulses social envy. In fact persons faced with the phenomenon deprivation risk, Fair or unfair pay the assessment of their deprivation compared with others and if their deprivation Assess unfair, become envious towards others. Finally according to main categories, paradigm model designed that consists of conditions, action-interactions and outcomes. According to research findings, envy experienced as a negative emotion in reaction to sense of inequality and deprivation. Learned envy was another important aspect of envy that revealed through socialization in family and society. Family and mass media has important role in teaching envy to persons.

Introduction: Social changes are generally one of the principle characteristics of contemporary world. Tehran bazaar as an economic entity has witnessed social changes through the recent years especially changes in social structure and simultaneously in its own function. There have been dealt with changes in institutional structure (normative structure) that organizes the relations among actors and also relational structure (the relationships among economic actors) in social structure study. The principle argument of this study is relational structure changes, relational structure is that kind of social structure which includes the mere social relations in bazaar that are considered as reciprocity relations pattern among market people. The relations structure have been divided into two groups in this study, first, internal relations: at the micro level, interpersonal relations, middle level, community relations, second, external relations: distribution network relations at the micro level, domestic trade, domestic trade in the middle level, and foreign trade at the macro level. The intention of social relations network is a regular collection of similar social ties or contacts among people or groups. The viewpoint of "carved networks in social relations" shows that behavioral norms, social customs, and economic policies are the results of current relations, the relations that are regularly created and repaired in interaction with society, (Relational structure). Tehran bazaar strategic position in Iran economy has owed foreign relations network in connection with distribution function of bazaar which includes 1.Local business (within Tehran city), 2.Domestic trade (economic relations network of Tehran bazaar with other Iran bazaars), and 3.Foreign trade (export and import). Moreover, unique ability of historical organizing of Tehran bazaar has owed bazaar internal relations network that it means Tehran bazaar organizing ability has been caused by 1.Individual relations and 2.Community relations, in fact. Accordingly, network relations structure out of Tehran bazaar and also its internal relations network enhances the impressive level of Tehran bazaar on others and provides Tehran bazaar with social organizing and powerful economic abilities. The important point is that such a relational structure in Tehran grand bazaar has changed nowadays (Husseiniqomi, 2014). Accordingly, changes in relational structure (the relations are among economic actors) are considered in this study and there have been used of social networks theories for relational structure discussion. The social networks theory is one of the contemporary theories in economic sociology that it has been used for studying bazaar network links and for considering created changes in relational structure and economic function of Tehran bazaar.Material and methods: This study methodology is quantitative (mensuration) and there has been used of standardized questionnaire as data collection in the present study. "Questionnaire is a set of questions that involves all important indicators of desired concepts in assumptions, each question is corresponding with one of the indicators, thus the response that it receives will provide the required information for measuring hypothesis" (Rafipour, 1997, Kiwi, 1998 158). The measuring method has been done in a way that social structure changes include both relational and institutional structures and also Tehran bazaar economic function in the form of open-ended and closed questions_ that were mostly designed as items_ were designed and improvised after several preliminary tests in the questionnaire. It was determined through the research that there could not use of possible-quota sampling with the same ease which accomplish in the common evaluating research. Therefore, it was used of relative-quota sampling and because this stage of research does not diminish at this time, it was decided to be briefly explained the discussion of possible sampling for some market people who were supposed to introduce the researcher to the others and aware the market people of the importance of introducing. In fact, it was told them those people whom they introduce must be of all classes until the questionnaires are completed, statistical work is done, the researcher is not achieved statistical problems, and he/she can say this sample can be generalized to the entire bazaar of Tehran. And in fact, if this sample is not a handful of thousands, the obtained information is not suitable for scientific work at the end.Discussion of results and conclusions: Tehran bazaar consists of an area about of 15% of Tehran city area and considering its current position in Tehran indicates that bazaar economic organization has been basically organized in distribution section and macro and micro trading, and still has relatively effective functions in Tehran economy. Continuation of economic and social effective functions of Tehran bazaar have caused to be largely kept bazaar position in economy and civil society that in the meantime, a part of Tehran grand bazaar abilities in keeping its position in Tehran returns to economic organization and human resources network which are reinforced by some of active economic-social institutions and elites efforts in bazaar. Tehran grand bazaar economic organization due to its features including independence in the influence area like monetary and financial areas has had active institutions in this area from the ancient time, but new institutions in the cotemporary era have challenged this important feature of bazaar and limited a part of its authorities and abilities. This research findings show that generally there have emerged some changes in economic functions and social structure of Tehran bazaar and faced with changes the relations between actors and dominant rules on it in internal level (include community, middle, and interpersonal relations), in this regard, some of the assumptions were confirmed and some rejected. Also, descriptive findings indicated that relations structure within Tehran bazaar is high (69.3) based on the average of respondents' ideas in terms of cooperative relations. Ideas average in relation with relations intensity (it means the amount of time that co-workers spend through the occupational activity together) is more than average (30.3) and the competition among them is more than average, too (30.3). Consultation to solve problems and financial cooperation are (94.2) and (40.3), respectively, besides, community relations in Tehran bazaar is less than average (55.2). The main issue discussed in this article is the investigation of relational structure as one of the components of the social structure of a large market in Tehran. Relational structure Includes social relations in the market and is considered as the pattern of relationships between merchants. For a discussion of relational structure is used of the theories of social networking - contemporary theories of economic sociology - to study of the links to the network is the market. Mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) has been used a qualitative method for early recognition and reaches the subject (62 interviews), and quantitative (200 questionnaires) to assess changes in the construction and functioning of market economic and relational structure has been applied. The findings show in general, changes in the social structure and functioning economic of the market and the relationships between actors and the rules governing Tehran emerged in the inner surface (including the relationships interpersonal, Intermediate, and community) and external (trade local, domestic trade and foreign trade) has been changed.

Introduction: Job Satisfaction, as a crucial factor in organizations’ accomplishment, has long been in the core of organizational studies. According to the existing definitions, job satisfaction is regarded as multidimensional (i.e., cognitive, emotional, and behavioral) psychological responses to one's job (Hullin and et al., 2003) and is defined as a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences (Locke and et al, 1976, cited in Judge and et al, 2003: 26).Undoubtedly, maintenance and productivity of human resources is one of the most challenging tasks of any organization in modern times, and job satisfaction plays a pivotal role in accomplishment of this task. One of the main factors, (among others), which can affect the level of job satisfaction, is social well-being or social health. Although many variables have been identified as determinants of job satisfaction in the literature, however, little attention has been paid to the effects of social health, despite of long standing theoretical stances on the relationship.Three main theoretical frameworks exist in the literature for explaining the existence or level of job satisfaction, namely, situational approaches, dispositional approaches, and interactive approaches. Situational theories hypothesize that job satisfaction results from the nature of one’s job or other aspects of the environment, dispositional approaches assume that job satisfaction is rooted in the personological make-up of the individual, and interactive theories, trying to combine situational and dispositional approaches, propose that job satisfaction results from the interplay of the situation and personality (Judge and et al., 2001: 28). As a development for dispositional approaches, Judge and et al., (1997) have introduced ‘ Core Evaluations’ concept, which relates to main personality characteristics that can influence people’s general satisfaction with life, including job satisfaction. Core evaluations could be related to oneself, to others, and to the world that one lives in.Those core evaluations which related to one's evaluation about other people and about the world, have many in common with the concept of Social Well-being that developed and operationalized by Keyes. According to Keyes, social well-being, which is the appraisal of one’s circumstance and functioning in society, has five different dimensions, including, social integration (the evaluation of the quality of one’s relationship to society and community), social acceptance (construal of society through the character and qualities of other people as a generalized category), social contribution (evaluation of one’s social value), social actualization (evaluation of the potential and the trajectory of society), and social coherence (perception of the quality, organization, and operation of the social world, and it includes a concern for knowing about the world) (1998: 122-3).By the use of employed theoretical framework, the effects of five dimensions of social well-being, beside of some background variables (such as employee’s age, sex, educational attainment, marital status, job experience, and income) on job satisfaction have been investigated in present study.Material and Methods: Present study has been done by the use of survey method among all employees of Golsanbaft Corporation in Tabriz city, which has 523 employees. Needed data are gathered by the use of two standard questionnaires, namely, Abridged Job Descriptive Index (Bowling Green State University, 2009) for job satisfaction and Social well-being questionnaire developed by Keyes (1998). Although, questionnaires were standardized, however, all estimated Cronbach's Alphas for total indices and their dimensions were at acceptable level (>0.6), confirming the reliability of the indices have been used.Discussion of Results and Conclusions: Descriptive statistics for background variables show that from 523 respondents, 459 (around 88 percent) were men, and 360 (about 69 percent) were married. Average age of respondents was 30.4 (min=18 and max=57), average job experience in months was 37.7 (min=1 and max=192), mean completed years of schooling was 11.3 years (min=1 and max 18), and average stated income was about 6640000 Rials (min=4000000 and max=14000000). According to findings, both social well-being (i.e., social health, min=1.58, mean=3.24, and max=4.8) and job satisfaction (min=1.8, mean=3.22, and max=4.83) were at medium level among Golsanbaft corporation’s personnel.Bivariate analyses show that the level of job satisfaction is not statistically different between men and women (mean for males=3.21 and for females=3.25) and married and non-married (mean for married=3.20 and for non-married=3.27) employees. Although weakly, however, both age (r=-0.13 and P<0.01) and job experience (r=-0.14 and p<0.01) have negative, and statistically significant relationship with total job satisfaction index. Relationship between educational attainment and income with job satisfaction were negative, but non-significant at 0.05 level. Relationships between background variables and different dimensions of job satisfaction are generally negative, but non-significant.In comparison to background variables’ relationship, Pearson correlations between social well-being and job satisfaction is positive, strong, and highly significant from statistical point of view (being 0.71 and P<0.000). All of five dimensions of social well-being have shown positive relationship with total job satisfaction index and with all of its dimensions, which nearly all are statistically significant at 0.05 level.By the use of regression analysis, employee’s total job satisfaction index is regressed against all background variables along with five dimensions of social well-being, using stepwise method. According to the results, three dimensions of social well-being, including, social integration, social actualization, and social acceptance all positively affected employees’ job satisfaction. Besides, three background variables, including, sex (male=0 and female=1) positively, age and educational attainment negatively, effected job satisfaction index. According to the Beta coefficients, social actualization is the most important of six variables entered into the final fitted regression model. In this regard, variables, social coherence, social acceptance, sex, age and educational attainment stand at following ranks. Interestingly, the non-significant relationship of educational attainment in bivariate analysis becomes to be one of significant effects in regression model. These six variables, could explain around 55 percent of job satisfaction’s variance. Follow up checks regarding regression analysis’ assumptions confirmed the existence of main assumptions, including, normality, homoscedasticity, non-linearity, Linearity, and uncorrelated errors.Present study’s results are in line with those reviewed works in the literature review, although with some differences. Findings of the present study are confirmed with findings of Afjei et al (2010) in Iran, acknowledging the effect of social health on job satisfaction. However, estimated intensity of the relationships between three dimensions of social well-being (or social health) with job satisfaction was comparatively higher in the present study than Afjei and et al’s. Results also confirm the main theoretical framework used for the study. As Judge et al (1997) discussed positive core evaluations among employees under investigation about other people and about the whole world, can positively affect their job satisfaction. According to the finding, it could be proposed that at one hand, the corporation must select among those employment nominees who have higher levels of social health, and on the other hand, it is better to take practical steps to promote higher levels of social health among present employees.