Journal of Plant Production Research
Year:2012 | Volume:19 | Issue:3|Papers Count:17

Use of the growth indices is a method to assessment of intercropping efficiency. In order to evaluation growth indices of soybean, sweet basil and borage in intercropping with different ratios, an experiment base on randomized complete block design was conducted with 9 treatments and 3 replications at north Khorasan in 2011. Treatments were consisted of the plants pure culture, replacement series of 75% soybean and 25% sweet basil, 50% soybean and 50% sweet basil and 25% soybean and 75% sweet basil, and these ratios were repeated for borage. The results showed that dry matter accumulation, leaf area index and crop growth rate of 75% soybean: 25% sweet basil treatment was higher compare to other treatments during season. Relative growth rate of soybean in 25: 75, soybean: sweet basil and soybean: borage was higher than other ratios. Increment of soybean proportion in intercropping caused to reduce soybean RGR. Net assimilation rate of soybean monoculture was reduced with increasing of intra-species competition. Growth indices of borage monoculture were higher than other borage ratios. The indices were reduced related to increasing of soybean proportion. LER on based of leaf area index and dry matter was higher than unit in more intercropped treatments that was demonstrates superiority of intercropping than monoculture.

In order to serological detection of Tobacco ringspot virus in soybean fields of Golestan province, during 2008 growing season, infected samples of DPX, Gorgan3, Williams, Pershing and JK cultivars with leaf malformation, stunting, necrosis and terminal bud blight symptoms, were collected and tested by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method using specific polyclonal antibody. Different infection was registered in different cultivars. DPX cultivar with 50% infection and JK and Gorgan3 without any infection had higher and lower infection respectively. Distribution homogeneity of TRSV in different regions of Golestan province, was surveyed by cross tabs, c2, in a=0.05 in most infected cultivar, DPX. Overall, 10% infection was registered for the province. Results showed significantly different infection between 4 regions, Western (Bandargaz, Kordkoy), central (Aliabad), eastern (Azadshahr, Minodasht) and Gorgan in Golestan province. Western region with 21.5% and central region without any infection had higher and lower infection respectively.

In this experiment, 32 female varieties in pistachio plantation areas of Kerman, Rafsanjan, Sirjan and Shahrbabak were used. After artificial cross between 32 female varieties, the obtained hybrid seeds were sown and the produced seedlings tested under saline conditions in glasshouse. After salinity tests, the following characteristics were measured and evaluated: Number of alive seedlings, alive leaves, length of stem, dry weight of aerial organs and root, mineral elements of root and stem. The data were analyzed statistically in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The results indicated that the female varieties included: “Ibrahimi”, “Sirizi”, “Jandaghi”, “Poustkaghazi”, “Fandoghi-48”, “Badami_e_Zarand”, Seiffadini” and “Sarakhs” are salt tolerant. The results indicated that the sodium content of stem with aliveness of seedling is negative contingent. Also accumulation of sodium and magnesium ions in root and stem caused desiccation of leaves in seedlings, in total salinity reduction of weight in root and stem.

Root-knot nematode is an important disease of pistachio in the world that cause too many problems such as failure in nutrient distribution in plant. Imbalanced distribution of nutrients results in reduction of yield and observes symptoms in air parts of the plant. Experiment was conducted to determine of root-knot nematode and its influence on distribution of nutrients of Pistachio Trees. The experiment was designed in 2×3 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 replications on Ohadi cultivar in Mahvelat region of Iran. Healthy and contaminated trees were as a first factor and plant organs as a second factor. Samples from different organs were collected and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn. The results indicated that M. javanica caused to accumulation of nutrients such as K and Zn in root and decreased those nutrients in branch and leaf. In particular about K it resulted in K deficiency and leaf necrosis. P, N, Mg, Fe concentrations in branch, leaf, and root were not significantly influenced by rootknot nematode. Calcium concentration in contaminated tree was low.

To evaluate the mode of inheritance of resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) resistance and estimation the genetic parameters of resistance, five relatively tolerant wheat genotypes (Chamran, Niknejad, Adl cross, Falat and line 4004), along with a sensitive cultivar, Marvdasht, were crossed in a full- diallel crossing design. Parents, F1’s and reciprocal crosses were inoculated at the seedling stage (2-3 leaves) and evaluated for reaction to the disease under greenhouse conditions by a 0-7 scale. Data were analyzed according to Hayman- Jinkes method and Griffing’s method 1 model 1. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects for WSMV resistance were highly significant (P<0.01), indicating that both additive and nonadditive genetic effects are involved in the inheritance of resistance to WSMV. The reciprocal effects were not significant (P<0.05). The ratio of GCA/SCA variance components was relatively large (0.88), indicating that additive gene effects were more important than nonadditive effects in the control of WSMV resistance in these crosses. Therefore, progeny performance can be adequately predicted just by GCA effects. The results of Wr+Vr and Wr- Vr analysis of variance, regression analysis of Wr and Vr indicated the importance of all additive, dominance and epistasis effects. Broad and narrow- sense heritability were 88.8 and 54.5%, respectively. The estimation of genetic parameters showed that, additive gene effects were more important than nonadditive effects in inheritance of resistance to WSMV.

This study was carried out to investigate genetic variation and similarity of 50 tall fescue genotypes. Plants were clonally propagated and evaluated during 2005 and 2006 for agronomic, phonological and morphological traits using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicated that there were significant differences between genotypes for all of the measured traits indicating a broad genetic diversity in the germplasm. Genotypic coefficient of variability was highest for fresh and dry forage yield and lowest for days to pollination and plant height. The estimates of heritability for measured traits showed that days to pollination and crown diameter had the highest value and can be improved by selection. There was a negative correlation coefficient between dry forage yield and days to pollination and a significantly positive one between dry forage yield with other measured traits (except for flag leaf width) indicating that indirect selection through component of dry matter yield is possible. Applying cluster analysis on the studied attributes, genotypes were characterized in five groups. On this bases the least and the most similar genotypes may be used in the future breeding projects.

In order to transiant Glutathion Peroxidase gene expression, protein content, chlorophyll and oxidative level in Brassica napus (Falcon cv.) in response to drought stress condition, the experiment has been carried out in RCBD format design with four replicates under research greenhouse condition. The drought stress treatments were included -0.5, -1, -2, -4 and -8 bar that applied in each plot by using of equivalent water. Field capacity (FC) has been used as control. The periodic water treatment has been applied every week at the four leaves growth stage. Random leaf samples have been collected to measure all mentioned trails at the growth stages (Stem elongation, flowering, Pod stage, Physiologic maturity). Root samples have been collected for gene expression at all mentioned growth stages. For grain analysis samples have been collected of maturity to measure oil percentage, protein and gene expression. The result showed leaf protein declined sharply by plant age and drought intensity, beside grain protein content showed more stability in compare with leaf protein at drought condition levels. Net grain oil percentage (grain yield * oil percentage) showed more fluctuation in compare with grain protein at drought treatment levels. Although this fluctuation was rather less for -0.5 and -1 bar in compare with other drought treatments. Leaf chlorophyll content decreased by increase drought treatments. This decrease was low up to -1 bar drought treatment and rather increase after the level of -1 bar. In contrast, the cellular oxidative level (TBARM) increased by intensity drought level, this has been caused by AOS (Active Oxygen Species) levels. The activity of glutathione peroxidase gene showed sigmoid trend mostly in all plant organs (leaf, root, pot, grain). Basically, this has emplied on importance and gross range of activity this gene.

Charcoal rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, is one of the most important diseases of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] throughout the world, including Iran. Host resistance may be the only feasible method to manage this disease, but soybean genotypes with high levels of resistance have not been identified because of the lack of reliable disease assessment methods. Two disease assessment methods were compared and the I-S relationship of soybean charcoal rot was studied in Golestan province. Comparison between percent height of stem discoloration (PHSD) at R7 and root and stem severity (RSS) indicated that PHSD couldn’t represent the actual disease intensity in the fields. But RSS had higher correlation with root incidence (r=0.84). In order to quantify the relationship between disease incidence and severity, statistical analyses were performed based on comparison of model statistics. Result showed that square root transformation achieved the best linear adjustment to combined data of incidence and severity as determined by Ra2=0.83, MSe=0.0125, random pattern in residual plot and R2*=0.72 Data analysis of Gorgan, Aliabad, Kordkoy and Ramian was also confirmed the appropriateness of square root transformation. Thus the assessed incidence could be used to estimate charcoal rot severity based on the model.

Concerns related to conservation of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emission has increased energy balance studies in crop production systems. In the present study, six wheat (Triticum aestivum L) fields were selected from east and west of Gorgan, Golestan province, Iran. During three consecutive growing seasons, data were gathered on energy use in all production practices. Then, all the energy uses were classified into eight categories, i.e. seed bed preparation, plant protection, weed control, irrigation, harvesting and transportation to the storage places. Results indicated that average input energy was 15579 MJ ha-1. Maximum was 21179 MJ ha-1 and maximum output energy was 120531 MJ ha-1. The greatest contribution to input energy belonged to energy from chemical fertilizers (45.8%), especially nitrogen fertilizers (38.3%), and then energy from fuels (22.5%). Average outputinput energy ratio was 6.3 with a minimum of 3.7 and maximum of 9.3. Average specific energy was 4 GJ t-1 and average energy utilization was 0.3 t GJ-1. It was concluded that implementation of desired changes can result in reduction of energy use and hence their environmental impacts.

Identification and transfer of desirable genes from wild relatives to crop species is one of the breeding solutions for producing resistance to pathogens and pests. This study was conducted to evaluate crossability and the response to Pythium ultimumin three species of the genus Carthamus. To assess response to the pathogen, eight cultivated safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes, two ecotypes of wild species C. oxyacanthus collected from Tehran and Isfahan, and one ecotype of wild species C. lanatus collected from Golestan province as sub factor were cultured on pathogen-free and infested medium with zoospore suspension of P. ultimum as main factor in a split plot design with 4 replications. Suspension of 105 zoospore per milliliter was used for inoculation. At the pathogen-free media, seed germination of cultivated and C. lanatus genotypes was higher than 90%, but at the infested media just cultivated genotypes had germination to this extent. The crossability experiment shows that, success in interspecific hybrid seed production is highly depended on choosing the seed producing parent. In the cross of cultivated species with C. oxyacanthus, more hybrid seed was obtained when C. oxyacanthus was female parent. Produced seeds on the cross of cultivated species and C. oxyacanthus had enough germination ability, but it was nothing for seeds obtained from cross of cultivated species and C. lanatus. Resistance of C. oxyacanthus to the pathogen Pythium and success in hybrid seed production show the potential of this species for transferring of resistance and other favorable traits to cultivated safflower.

Asafoetida is one of important medicinal plant of the Apiaceae family that due to over harvesting from natural pastures has been endanger to elimination. Knowledge and studies of plant biology and germination behavior can lead to the development of its cultivation and protection in the natural pastures. This experiment was conducted to evaluate Asafoetida seeds germination on the response to temperature in Seed Technology and Agricultural Research Laboratories of Birjand University in 2011. For this experiment using a completely randomized design with 10 treatments consisting of 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 and 33 degree of Celsius in four replications. Traits measured were germination percentage, germination rate and mean germination time. Temperature was significantly effected on all measured traits (P<%1). Results of regression analysis of data with intersected-lines (ISL) model showed those minimum, optimum and maximum seed germination temperatures were 1.06, 13.46 and 31.04 degree of Celsius respectively.