JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING KNOWLEDGE
Year:2019 | Volume:10 | Issue:3 (38) |Papers Count:9

Objective: In the past few decades, the role of small entities in economies has recieved special attention due to their noticeable performances and supports for big entities’ activities. Ignoring the specific features of these entities in the preparation and presentation of financial statements and their compliance with the accounting standards of large entities have made financial statements of small entities inadequatly appropriate for various users, and imposed high costs on them, . Method: In this research, the views of 111 accounting professors of the Iranian public universities were surveyed through the questionnaire about information requirements for the users of financial statements of small entities. Result: The results of the research showed that according to the respondents, the cost of preparing financial statements by small entities is greater than its benefits, and that the users of these financial statements are unable to make optimal use of information. Also, the information required for the users of financial statements is different from what is currently provided in balance sheets, profit and loss statements, cash flow statements and notes on financial statements. Conclusion: The results of the research imply that it is necessary to simplify the financial reporting system of small entities and develop separate accounting standards for these entities.

Objective: This study examines the effects of turnover on the stock price delay in a sample of 117 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2016. Method: Data was collected using document mining and referencing to databases, and then, was analyzed using Eviews software. A Panel data model was used to test the research hypotheses. Result: The results indicated that there are positive and significant relationships between the the turnover as dependent variable and stock liquidity, the company's uncertainty and investor's attention as explanatory variables. The second model showed a significant and negative relationship between the stock price delay as dependent variable and turnover as explanatory variable. Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research was verified. The results also showed that stock liquidity has a negative and significant impact on the stock price delay due to the number of trading days and the uncertainty in the company, and that investor's attention has no significant effect on the stock price delay. Conclusion: To increase stock liquidity and reduce stock price delays, and to assist market efficiency, it is necessary to enact and enforce appropriate rules for quick opening of trading symbol after suspension, and to indorse appropriate rules for increasing the range of stock fluctuations.

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between corporate life cycle and corporate social responsibility with regard to the moderating role of financial resources during the period 2012 to 2017. Method: The data was collected by archival method with reference to the databases, and then was analysed by multivariate regression and panel data models with fixed effect. Result: The findings showed that there is a positive relationship between maturity stage of life cycle and corporate social responsibility. However, in contrast to expectations, there is no moderating role for financial resources in the relationship between corporate life cycle and corporate social responsibility. Conclusion: Matured firms in attempts to gain the competitive advantages of investments, invest more on corporate social responsibility than other firms.

Objective: The purpose of this research is to analyz the role of management accountants as Strategic Advisors for Managers based on the contingency theory. For this analysis, the study has identified 14 management accounting tools related to planning, decision-making and the control based on the IFAC classification and 12 effective contingency factors. Method: To investigate the issue, the data was collected from 117 companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange, TSE, from the Rahavard Novin software, the TSE website, the Central Bank website and the responses to a standard questionnaire. The data was analyzed by a structural equation model, using t-test and importance-performance matrix. To test the research hypotheses, the Smart PLS3 software was used. Result: The findings of this study showed that 9 contingency factors of human resources, economic environment, organizational structure, the professional sector, technology, competitive environment, cultural factors, company size and organizational strategy are the effective factors in the usage of management accountants informatin for company planning and decision making, and 3 contingency factors of external environment, financial resources and senior management supports lack significant effects on the use of management accounting reports. Conclusion: The two factors of economic environment and external environment are the most important barriers in the use of the reports of management accountants. Therefore, it is suggested to managers to consider the strategies presented in the reports of management accountants for planning, decision making and control of operations in the turbulent environment of the country.

Objective: Considering complex financial plans to conceal fraud in financial statements, the development of fraud detection methods can be regarded as solution for this problem. The present study uses the bee algorithm to develop methods for fraud detection in financial statements. Method: Three methods of bee algorithm, genetic algorithm and logistic regression have been used to study the subject. The statistical sample consists of 120 companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange (60 companies are suspected of fraud and 60 ones are not suspected) for the period 1396-1385. The companies were suspected of fraud, based on 1) revised audit opinion after unacceptable expression, 2) existence of significant annual revisions, and revised financial statements for inventories and other assets; 3) existence of tax disputes with the tax area, according to notes on income tax filing, general tax filings and conditioned clauses in audit reports. Following the use of cross-entropy, 16 financial ratios were introduced as the potential predictors of fraudulent financial reporting. Result: The results showed that the bee algorithm method with prediction accuracy of 82. 5% has better performance in identifying suspicious companies in fraudulent financial statements than the other two methods. Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that the proposed method of this study compared to other methods has higher rate of prediction accuracy, lower error rate and relatively good speed.

Objective: One of the main characteristics of emerging economies is the important role of business groups. Business group affiliation can bring about various positive consequences for the firms related to such groups. This study aims to examine the effects of business group affiliation on corporate sustainability reporting level. Method: The checklist developed by the Global Reporting Initiative, GRI, was used to measure the level of corporate sustainability reporting. The research hypothesis was applied to 102 firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange for the years 2013-2017, and then was tested, using multivariate regression based on panel data model. Result: The findings suggest that business group affiliation is likely to improve the corporate sustainability reporting level. Moreover, the results of additional analysis reveal that the relationship between business group affiliation and sustainability reporting level is more pronounced in larger firms. Conclusion: Affiliated companies to business groups have more incentives for sustainability reporting due to less concern for shortterm financial interests.

Objective: This research aims to investigate the effects of asymmetric information on the relationship between audit quality and internal and external dimentions of corporate governance quality, during the period 2008-2017. Method: Multivariate regressions based on panel data model and crosssectional data were used, regarding Stata and Eviews as the softwares to estimate the models. Discretionary accruals, auditor's tenure and the size of audit firms were considered proxies for audit quality, and the price synchronicity model and the spread model were used to measure information asymmetry. Result: There is a negative relationship between corporate governance and audit quality in the companies with higher information asymmetry. The existence of corporate governance does not improve audit quality, but in the companies with low information asymmetry, there is positive relationship between corporate governance and audit quality. Conclusion: The existence of information asymmetry has greater impacts on audit quality than the corporate governance quality. Also, information asymmetry distorts the positive relationship between corporate governance and audit quality.

Objective: This study examines the effects of time horizon dimensions of profits on board of directors’ compensation, and identifies the current degree of stickiness of board of directors’ compensation with the dimensions of time horizon of profit in the companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2010 to 2017. Method: Data was collected using document mining and databases referencing method, and then was analyzed by Eviews software. Panel data model was applied to the research test hypotheses. Results: The results showed that based on R&D, advertising and marketing expenditure, in the long-term horizon, more compensation will be assigned than in the short-term horizon. Also, the use of revenueraising strategy and operating and non-operating profit-enhancing strategies has no effect on Board of director’ s compensation. Conclusion: R&D, advertising and marketing expenditures for landlords are more tangible than income growth strategies. Therefore, the intermediate elements of net profit which indicate sustainability, continuity and time horizons of profit, are not effective indicators in the compensation of board of directors.