Journal of Comparative Literature
Year:2009 | Volume:1 | Issue:1|Papers Count:10

Entailment is an issue which Grammar (Sarf-o-Nahve) scholars consider as a subsidiary issue along with the "transitive and intransitive verbs" context in their books. In his book titled "Moghni", Ebn-e-Hosham Ansari discussed it as "Eshrab" with this quote: "Sometimes a word is made to drink (Eshrab) another word, and then the latter is assumed as the .tirst. This is called Entailment." Since Ebn-e-Hosham is a syntactic (Nahvi) scholar, he considered it from a "Nahvi" point of view. Meanwhile, Entailment has a dominant place in Prosody different from Grammar, and Rhetoric scholars have discussed it as "Exposition Entailment" elaborately. Since it is a repetitive subject, we will not consider "exposition entailment" in this paper, in contrary, since any issues about "syntactic entailment" can hardly be found in syntactic (Nahvc) books and because of its importance, we arc motivated to take a look at entailment in grammar science noting it in Persian language simultaneously. This is an approach that is being neglected. The proof is a very small share, in teaching Arabic grammar at universities and Hawzehs and publications, which has been allocated to this area up to now.  

Itinerary is a mirror which reflects the image of social, political, and economic life of people as well as their customs, beliefs, behaviors and vicissitudes of their societies. In fact, it demonstrates an expressive and clear picture mostly with no partiality or consideration. One of these itineraries is "Ibn Battuta's Itinerary", which is considered as an evident document of many Islamic and Eastern societies in 8th century. The author of this itinerary is a man from Morocco who throughout his various journeys to many countries, provided a remarkable, honest, and accurate report about people' way of earning, their religious customs, cities status, industries and productions, schools and abbeys, different court traditions, the rulingclass function... which would be significant and worthwhile from the point of view of comparative literature due to the fact that comparative literature is the study of folklore and its analysis from other people's perspective is deemed to be a remarkable axis of knowing nations and comparing them with each other. The present study specifically explores Ibn Battuta's Itinerary with reference to comparative literature and also France school because France school, in particular, deals with the study of Itineraries. Additionally, France school illustrates a country's Image from the point of another country's literature.

There are many poets in Arabic and Persian territories that have praised the prophet Mohammad (S.A.) in many aspects while none of the praise can be observed in Koran. In this essay I am going first, to introduce some of descriptions which are available in Arabic and Persian poems and compare their content with what is narrated in Koran about the prophet Mohammad and see why the Muslim poets have attributed to the prophet, traits that have not been mentioned in Koran.

Satirical poetry has occupied a considerable part of Persian and Arabic literature. As a literary genre, it has frequently been subject to scrutiny by Iranian and Arab poets and many interesting and enjoyable poems have been created. There is ample similarity between the life of Ibn-e-Rumi, the Arab bard of the 3rd century and Anwari, the Great, Farsi-composing poet of the 6th century Iran who has been familiar with the poetry of Ibn-e-Rumi and has composed many of his satires under the influence of the Arab Satirist. In this article, common themes used by the above-mentioned poets are studied and evidences depicting similarity are analyzed.

Love is one of the poetical themes which originates from man's sentiments and links human beings together. N. Ghabani and H. Mosadegh are poets who use 'love' in their poetry as a major theme. For each poet love has its particular characteristics. Mosadegh is a classical poet In view of content and language, but, in this context, Nazar is a modernist who grafts the language of love on the contemporary life. Love of beloved and people love equal in poems of Mosadegh, whereas the former is more highlighted in poems of Nazar. Mosadegh's verse shows the sorrow of love whereas Nazar's verse is full of the joy of love.

As a matter of fact, certain social developments are imposing enough to affect poetry and literature. For instance, the new needs felt by developing societies at the beginning of the 20th century soon manifested themselves in both prose and poetic works of literature. After the Second World War, Iran and Syria, as two countries with a large socio-political background in common, each introduced a poet who employed poetry as a weapon to express social problem: Shamloo in Iran and Maghoudt in Syria. They picked out blank verse as the best poetic genre for their purpose. Their poems are fraught with social images. Even their emotions are more socially-based than individual. Comparatively speaking, the two poets may be found the same with regard to their social attitudes, literary typology, and diction. This article deals with the common social background of the two poets, which is the basic matrix for any comparative analysis in literature. Then it concludes that such social issues as liberty, motherland, humanity, and anti-despotism are the major motifs of these poets.

This article Studied the thoughts of an Iranian poet, Mohammad Taghi Bahar, and an Iraqi poet, Maruf-o rasafi, on homeland. In this study, a library method was used. First, the required subjects and information were written on index cards; then the article was written after categorization and arrangement of the cards. Since the two poets had lived at the same age, the subject of homeland has had a new concept in their poems and generally can be divided into different parts. In some cases the two poets have a same lookout while in others they differ.

Ibn-e- Howqal, the great Muslim geographer started his long journey in the 4th century A.H.L. He wrote the account of his travels in a book titled" Souratolarz". A major part of the book is devoted to his travel in Iran. After entering each land, Ibn-e-Howqal would first give a geographic description of the place and would then give a picture of historical, cultural aspects, art and customs of the land and in general all issues deemed important from his point of view. The article which has been prepared on library research, describes and analyzes, based on Ibn-e-Howqal's accounts, some aspects of Iranian art and culture in the field of handicrafts and weaving. Howqal's look gives us a clear image of Iranian art and culture and also a lively and youthful account of Iranian life in Howqal's time.

An important area in comparative literature is to study the conditions of a country in the literature of other nations. The amazing impact of the civilization of Sasanian literary environment on the Abbasid period is so deep that has made the divans of the poets of this era full of linguistics and historical references to the Iranian civilization. The look that the civilized Arab poet 'Buhtory' has cast on Sasanid geographical places and his interest in Persian mysteries, make the readers surprised: His divan is filled up with the names of Iranian cities, often accompanied by his biased feelings toward the Iranians. With an accurate study of Buhtory's cultural work, one can open the way to the Sassanid Iran and can find signs about its ancient cities which abound in his poetry. This Arab poet has illustrated the image of many Iranian cities and has, somehow made them permanent. In his divan, there are more than thirty five cities of Sasanid Iran which show the love and interest of this cultivated Arab poet to these places and the civilization of its inhabitants.

Study of Naser-khosro Ghobadiani and Abolalaye Moari's orientations and viewpoints, with regard to the world fall under the area of comparative literature. Both poets lived in the same era but came from two different languages and cultures. Most probably, they influenced each other. After a slight touch upon the life of these two poets, we mention their similarities and the way in which their mentalities are formed. Afterwards we proceed to study the appearance of the world from the two poets' point of view and to examine factors which have influenced the common concepts in their divans. Finally, the orientation and reaction of the poets with regard to the world and its symbols are stated. Following each issue there have been some poems provided, analyzed, compared and concluded upon from the two poets.