PERSIAN LITERATURE (BAHARESTAN SOKHAN)
Year:2010 | Volume:5 | Issue:14|Papers Count:12

The Hadighatol Hadigha is a valuable book which none of the other works can fill its special rank. This book, with numerous reasons whose discussion is out of place here, has many difficulties and ambiguities that caused many thinkers to set out and take troubles to expound them whose struggles deserve appreciation.Dr. Eshagh Toghiani is one of the scholars who have written extensive explanations about Sanai’s Hadigha and in this way have thoroughly explained the ambiguous distiches. Since human beings have different ideas, they may also have diverse thoughts and speculations about something. This discrepancy shows itself in interpreting a literary work. That’s why, the writer of this essay, based on the exploitation of his meager knowledge, has some new points on Dr. Toghiani’s selected verses; hoping to illuminate and solve its difficulties.

The mold of criticism, since Rudaki, except for its well-known poets, has etched repetitive and stereotyped pictures of virtual love, descriptions of mundane beloved in our minds. Some poets, however, in our times have made alterations in the illustrations of the lyric poetry of whom, no doubt, Simin Behbahani, Hossein Monzavi, and Mohammad Ali Bahmani - the three corners of a triangle - are lyricists who have undertaken to accomplish so. By taking advantage of untouched and new images and avoiding ordinary lyric poetry, they've created new environment in modern lyricism and vitalized it. It deserves mentioning that defamiliarization of contemporary lyricist, in the images of lyric poetry, was not out of amusement and boasting, but they did it out of necessity to have new themes; the themes which, without these innovations wouldn't be well embedded in lyricism. Entering the new images made today’s lyric poetry abundant with unprecedented innovation and endowed the modern poets special stand as stylists.This research is to survey the images and methods of description based on the poetry of Simin Behbahani, Hossein Monzavi, and Mohammad Ali Bahmani.

Albert Camus, the great writer of 20th century and the vanguard of philosophy of absurdity, takes advantage of abundant symbols in his works. One of the important symbols which Camus based his works on, is the nature which appears in all of his works.Born in Algeria, he was always living at the seaside and under the sunshine. These two definite symbols of “the sea” and “the sun” are always seen in most of his books. Sun is the symbol of illumination, wisdom, insight, and life - bestowing. But the very same symbol, by itself, is a sign of death and annihilation. The sea is a symbol of alienation and affection. It can be said that the sun and the sea always have double functions. These elements have both the sign of life and death in his works.

Creating picture is one of the fundamental arts of the poets, and it has been based on the imagination. The connection which the poets establish with the nature around them, regarding to the special sensitivity of a poet’s mind and power speculation, can cause discoveries such as untouched pictures which display the poet’s art. These images continuously pass over the eyes of ordinary people, but they seem so strange that nobody pays any attention to them. So it is necessary to have sensitive spirit and imagination toward the environment, because by illustrating these strange affairs, the ordinary people of society will attain more wisdom and imagination through innovation and insight. The poets, since the ancient times, have founded their activities on creating new pictures and making people familiar with them to fulfill one of their poetical duties. One of the above-mentioned poets obviously is Hakim Nizami Ganjawi . It's been tried, in this essay, to survey the art of creating images with the title of “Harmony of the senses of sunrise and sunset with the title of the story in the works of Nizami” to represent his art in creating pictures in adaptability with the title to the reader. This subject leads the reader to understand the beauties of the story and have special enjoyment in them.

The title of this essay is about Mahdi Akhavan Sales’ dissatisfaction of his environment and society in which he lived. Having studied and surveyed all his verses and bringing about the reasons for his dissatisfaction, I conclude that hopelessness which is seen in some of his poems, virtually has another reason in relation with himself and his fellow countrymen in society which has showed itself in various forms, the most important of which are: raging with anger, hate and imprecation, ridicule and buffoonery, invitation to struggle and hope or lamentation, even depression and despair.

The main approach of this essay is to introduce one of Persian language and literary heritage - amorous poetry of “Saleem and Salma” from Abdorrazag Beyke Donboli - to the adherents of culture and literature and wipe the dust of time and the carelessness of literary men out of its face; and by explaining a detailed report of its structure and content, dedicate another aspect of its cultural and literary hidden treasure to the use of its partisans, and in this way take a step - even short - in reviving one of the dignified works of Persian language and literature.

Dynamism of culture is in debt of continuous struggle of researchers and thinkers in exploring and propagating of cultural heritage. The life of a society is related to the cultural trends and their staunch will lead to its silence and torpidity. Prolific culture is one of these arteries which has been crystallized in the literary works of the past and must be appreciated; at the same time we have to do everything to keep and preserve it. Therefore, it has been tried, in this essay, to introduce one of the Persian language and literary heritages - Poetical Diwan of Barghi Khoie - to the adherents of culture and literature. And by offering a detailed report of its form and content, dedicate another aspect of its hidden cultural and literary treasures to the use if its partisans.

Moslem and non-moslem writers have written numerous books and essays on the features of Imam Ali (A.S.) and what happened in his life time. George Jurdaq and Georgy Zaydan are two famous contemporary Lebanese writers who can be pointed out in this domain. What is important in this research, is that Georgy Zaydan, in his novel “Azra of Quraysh” has carefully illustrated many problems and events, and has shown the feature of Imam Ali which corresponds with the Shiites’ expectations of Him; therefore, in this essay, I’ve tried to represent the peculiarities and attributes Of Imam Ali (A.S.) beyond the events and themes of the novel to the readers and criticize, as much as possible, the ideas of those people who have had some points on it.

The choice of suitable character or characters, with their own capabilities and features, is one of important and ponderable arts in a story - telling. In a short story, one character, and in a long story various characters are dealt with; each of them doing one work and having some duties and in due time set step on the stage. In this essay, regarding the importance of character in the story, I have surveyed the characters of the novel “I turn off the lights” by Zoya Pirzad.

By blessing of entering the Holy religion of Islam in Iranian ancient and civilized land, literary science was influenced by the Holy Qur’an and traditions of prophet which resulted in the richness and the flourishing of Persian verse and prose. The Qur’anic verses, because of divine promise concerning that “No change and alteration will happen to it”, was in poets and writers power as a strong instrument. But after the demising of the prophet (p.b.u.H), different groups of people turned to the words of the companions of the Prophet to understand the interpretations and Qur’anic commentaries and traditions of the Prophet. Some of the scholars who possessed the heavenly book took benefits of this referring to the prophet’s companions to extend their goals. The special regard which the Omaiads had to these companions for their political aims, caused the narration of 5700 traditions from the Prophet by Abuhorayreh, most of which were false. Abuhorayreh’s traditions quickly spread among the people and entered the interpretations and historic books. Even some Persian poets and writers like Maulana who were familiar with Islamic interpretation and history were under their influence.

In the vast domain of Persian poetry and literature, there have always been poets who had impact on others’ poetry. Some of them, in return, had been affected by their previous poets and had great influence on the poets after them. In this area, Ferdowsi, Attar, and Nezami had wonderful impact on the others. Among these, as we will show, Nezami who had been under the influence of Ferdowsi’s Haft Khwan; as it appears from his sporadic verses inside his works, he considered himself equal and sometimes in upper ranks than Ferdowsi.I’ve tried, in this essay, to show concretely how Hakeem Nezami was influenced from Ferdowsi and deal with the contents of Haft Khwan and Haft Peykar.