PERSIAN LITERATURE (BAHARESTAN SOKHAN)
Year:2018 | Volume:14 | Issue:38 |Papers Count:12

One hundred years ago, the political developments occurred in Iran which affected many affairs, including changes in content of writings and poetry. The most important feature of the poetry of constitutional era is the difference in the kind of poets' insight about the realities that has led to new themes of which is the concept of liberty which can help the correct understanding of the message of poetry in this era. Liberal poets at that time had their own ideas and frequently admired freedom and patriotism; and because of wide awareness of Iran's past, their excitement and emotional fascination toward Iran were the panegyrists about freedom and homeland. Some poets were submitted to the political conditions in this period and involved politics in their poetry and sometimes had a direct impact on stimulating people to choose the form of government. In this article, the concept of freedom in poetry of some Mashrooteh liberal poets with respect to instances of their poetry is examined.

Equivoque is one of the techniques, tricks and possibilities of language. This picturesque art is considered as one of the semantic abnormality types that occurs because of proximity and companion based on the combination and association of the speech with ambiguity, and element of literary language. Equivoque is a wonderful work with the language since when the audience can infer some meanings which are sometimes contradictory through a word or phrase, their joy and interest in the text will be increased. Although equivoque often appears in the Iraghi style of poetry and reaches a peak in Khaghani, Hafez, Saadi's poetry and in spite of the fact that some believe that poets of the Indian style did not use imagery and rhetorical techniques, it is worth mentioning that regarding observance fitness and semantic relations of words and parts of verses was one of the initiative trends in the Safavid era. Some poets such as Kalim, Saeb and Bidel aptly paid full attention to imagery and rhetorical techniques, especially equivoque. This article attempts to recognize the equivoque and some of its types regarding imagery and rhetorical techniques associated with the manuscript version of Kalim Kashani's "Padshah Nameh" (960-1061 AH).

One of the most important factors In poetic techniques is utilizing the synesthesia in creating a work of art, while studying about it dates back more than a few decades. But it is for a long time that poets and writers have used these art tricks for decorating an array of their works as well as content. The use of this array in contemporary poets is increasingly raised due to the impact of the west's literary schools on these poetry. As a result, the writer of this article is to review the synesthesia  in the lyrics of Akhavan Saleth versified with epic and narrative poems and examine and analyze them based on the integration and frequency of senses with charts and figures.

Slave and slavery have been the main concerns of human rights in every culture and civilization. The names of the slaves in the oldest epics and mythology of the world is a testament to its long background. By referring to the histories and books related to the pre-Islamic era, the image of social economic, political and legal position, we have tried, in this article, to analyze verses from the Shahnameh. Slavery includes the presence of the children, women and men who had been denied of their freedom and served the well-to-do men. The further we go forward in the Shahnameh, the more we encounter with the slaves who lived in fairly good condition in the courts but there is little information about their status in the society.

Lyrics is the most exquisite poetry which has appealed the Arab poets. It includes: beloved, sweet and bitter memories, description of her stature and shows itself as an imagery bride. Lyrics is of two types: sensational which belongs to Emraol Ghays and Ibn Abi Rabi'eh; and pretextual lyrics whose followers are Antareh, Jamil and Majnoon. The excellence of beloved to her peers, describing her spiritual beauty instead of her apparent beauty, disregarding the pre-Islamic poetry, using some symbolic name instead of beloved's real name are of the aims of this research. By a brief looking at the Arabic lyrics in pre-Islamic, Islamic and Omayyad era, the writer of this article wants to explain the masterpieces (brides) of three periods in Arabic poetry.

In the extensive range of fictional literature, Nezami's "Khosrow and Shirin" shines as one of the most fascinating and most beautiful lyrics in Persian literature. This poem provides a suitable context to the structural analysis due to having concepts, elements and good story motifs. In this research, we intend to review and analyze it in term of narrative structure based on Propp's pattern in the morphological analysis to reach the conclusion that how these elements and narrative motifs change from the raw shape of the story to the narrative outline in its syntax combination and in this manner to attain the effect of story's lyrical content expression on its elements. Before addressing the story based on Propp's models, we'll deal with the preliminary discussions such as history of formalism, structuralism and morphology. Then we'll review and analyze the narrative structure analysis of this poetry based on internal elements according to important points and structural models to find out what arrangements are applied by Nezami to establish units of this story and how the extent of the story's internal strength is due to the structuralistic entity.

The analysis and comparison of the elements in the two versified works of "The Khosrow and Shirin" from Nezami and "The Nazer and manzoor" from Wahshi Bafghi is the title of the present essay. The way the elements posed is the main question of this research. Elements such as design, plot, conflict, characterization, types of viewpoint, tune and the messages of the two stories are the subjects which have been analyzed in this paper. Having dealt with their relationship with each other, we'll try to find the traits in these two works and show that the elements have been used to develop and stabilize the structure of the stories. The relation between cause and effect has been utilized in a way that encourages the reader to follow the story enthusiastically to the end.

Nezami is remembered as a story-teller who is eminent in lyric domain. The poet himself directly or indirectly, has talked about the didactic implications of it in his Khamseh and Diwan – book of poetry. A part of it has direct relation with the spiritual and mundane progress of the society and its application can make people be familiar with the problems which distort the social system and collapse of human civilization in one hand and on the other hand introduce him the continuity of man's social life. Therefore, Nezami has tried to set steps by posing the social problems and use applicable solutions to increase the spiritual level of life in the community. We are to investigate the ways Nezami takes in approaching this aim. Our method of research is descriptive & analytic. It seems that Nezami has mostly focused on world deviation, justice, trusting in God, despising the hypocrite clergymen and religious centeredness. He believes that paying attention to the above-mentioned problems guarantees the society's health.

Historical memory of nations is covered in the language of those nations. Persian language is the pillar and distinctive element of our identity. Stewardship is the most important factor in the determination of its users and the driving power of the collective will of the role and function of community leaders. This study is aimed on analyzing the content of the leaser's statements as a proof of the upstream system with its specific characteristics, in which content analytic method, category techniques, data collection are utilized. Remarks by Supreme Leader in their perfect Persian contain mere ability, eloquence and simplicity, capacity, melodic and sweet fluency. Among these characteristics are science of language, Islam, and the Islamic revolution.

Ahmad Mahmood is one of the greatest contemporary novelists in Iran whose literary and writing report card is composed of five outstanding novels, in addition to several short stories. Attention forms the main part of this skilled writer. His mastery in creating room and personality in novel makes it possible to describe several families and various classes in society in a very serious way. Ahmad Mahmood tries to represent the situation of Iranian families in those bitter days in addition to narrate the events the events based on critical realistic method. The writer, in this article, tries to study the picture of family and its several types based on the literary work by Ahmad Mahmood named "The Burned Ground". Therefore, it is tried to study the picture of family in regard to the intra-textual method and conceptual analysis. The result of this research shows that families and personalities introduced in "The Burned Ground" are psychologically divided into three groups including white, gray and black and also they are accommodated in two groups in terms of social classification – medial and poor categories.

One subset of practical wisdom is the principle of civil politics. Major books of ethics such as The Ethics of Nasseri, emphasized on the importance of governance and statecraft, the need for government based on justice, king's love of subordinates and people, wisdom, security, and so on. This article focuses mainly on the principles of in the Sega of Kush who was an evil emperor and fought against Abtin and Feridoon. Such a state, then, cannot be based on justice and wisdom. This national epic of the 6th c explains the adventures of Kush, the king of evil, in China and beyond. Iranshah ibn Abikhayr, the author of The Kush Nameh, has composed it during the reign of Abushoja Mohammad ibn Malek Shah Saljughi and dedicated it to him.

Critical discourse analysis tries to analyze discourse above the sentence level. By doing this, it can reach both linguistic and social levels of discourse. Compared to other methods of discourse analysis, CDA is more effective and comprehensive in qualitative research areas like psychology of discourse and the notion of identity. This study analyzes the text using Fairclough's description, interpretation, and explanation levels of text analysis. Using quantitative data, the study first intends to show how effective historical and social context of text production are in the formation of discourse in narratives. Second, the study shows how the essentialists, structural and discoursal perspectives are represented in narratives and what their relationship is with social context of text production and also the dominant ideology. Third, from the perspective of discourse psychology, the study maintains how identity is produced in relation to social acts and what ideological function it serves in connection to power relations.