PERSIAN LITERATURE (BAHARESTAN SOKHAN)
Year:2008 | Volume:- | Issue:11|Papers Count:9

Paradox in poems leads to defamiliarization and prominence of discourse both in the domain of language and in content. This poetic form has been considered by the poets so far.According to its background in Persian classical literature and its acquaintance with the Western literature, this form has been used frequently by the poets in contemporary literature.Forough Farrokhzad makes use of this form (i.e. paradox) in her last recent collection of poems in order to provide artistic ambiguity and prominence which attracts the readers' attention to a great extent. Forough implements paradox for various purposes such as deviation from meaning, impression, satire, sarcasm, etc. paradox impresses the reader and creates a special beauty. Paradox in Forough's poetry is going to be worked on in this study in two contexts: 1) verbal context which mainly causes confusion in language, and 2) situational context which leads to defamiliarization in meaningin addition to language, and a change in conventional presuppositions of people's minds.Samples of Forough's poems including this form (i.e. paradox) are provided. This aspect of her poetry expresses one of the most attractive characteristics of her poems by creating ambiguity and deviation from meaning.

In mysticism, existence is allocated to Almighty God, and it is He who manifests in the universe and without Him whatever appears existing, in the strict look of mysticism, is the manifestation of the reality of His existence which is nothing but His validity and is merely related with Him. Since it is God who has filled the universe, His perfection and beauty can be seen anywhere which is illuminated by His light. But the imperfection and wickedness do not have any connection with Him, but they are of the essence and possible determinations of themselves; and if they are removed, nothing remains except self-existed God. So, we say that in the level of being, God is separate from the others, but in the level of action, He watches them. I have tried, in this article, by description and attribution, to explain the researcher mystics' point of view about existence, appearance and His impression in the universe and show the matter that, by presenting it, the existing world assumes another aspect and finds special beauty. And even with this viewpoint, most of the difficulties arisen in the interpretation of existence, and human being could not easily get rid of the sarcasm of those who deny God's stratagem in the existing world, is removed and the calamities and hardship that believers have suffered throughout the history becomes tolerable.

One may consider the French literature as one of the richest in the world. Main literary schools were created, developed by the French writers then substituted by other schools. One of the literary movements which came into existence in the 1950s and 1960s, was the modern novel which cast doubt on the traditional elements of the previous centuries. These writers considered the concepts of character, commitment, etc. obsolete and thought that a new model, originated from the time requirement had to be replaced by the traditional story. The creation of this literary movement can be traced in the main economic and social changes, and also in Freud's scientific achievements and other factors which fundamentally transformed European structure after World War II. At the same time, it must be admitted, despite the similarities which they had in rejecting the traditional mold of story writing in 19th century, each followed special style in writing. The world of Rubbe, Grillet is the world of objects, while Sarraute mostly deals with the psychology of the characters in the story. He talks about uncontrollable excitements and volatile feelings that suddenly change the kind and tender-hearted man to a quarrelsome one. The heroes in his stories and in most cases his characters don't have names and the writer uses personal pronouns and sometimes numbers to call them.This article, first surveys the environment in which modern novel was created and took root and then studies the concepts of character, objects, time, from the point of view of this great literary writer, Nathalie Sarraute.

Sa'di's Golestan shines like a star on Iran's literary heaven and will eternally dazzle the eyes, because many a skillful man of word arena has spoken about its beauties and attractiveness. I dare say the first person who could associate simplicity with the art of prose writing and could benefit from each one sufficiently and didn't go to extremes, was the great Sheikh Sa'di.In spite of the imitations of lots of the writers and great literary men and poem and prose masters from Golestan and its writing style, nobody has ever been able to succeed in gaining the merits of Golestan. By looking at the imited works from Golestan, we see that imitators' attention was mostly focused on the book appearance and the way of regulating and dividing, even on its entitling , and nobody wanted or could understand the soul of Sa'di's speech and know the element which has made his speech living, more sentiment and lasting. Baharestan, is one of them. In this paper, I've investigated both of the works in the light of content, style and eloquence and I've proved that Baharestan is just an imitation from Sheikh Sa'di's eternal work.

In literary history of Iran (especially in Persian poetry), beginning of the 6th century A.h. is considered a turning point. Sanaee of Ghazneh, an admonisher poet, a mystic biased theologian, with all literary originality and innovation, is on the peak of literary pyramid of developments. On the other hand, the most important character, who was contemporary and fellow citizen of Sanaee, and established the idea of the combination of religion and mysticism, was "Imam Abu Hamed Mohammad Ghazzali" who had wonderful effect on the evolution of Sanaee.This article a survey in the mystical thoughts of Ghazzali and Sanaee with the emphasis on the brief thoughts of Ghazzali in "Arba'in fi Osuloddin" and Sanaee's "Hadighatolhadigha". The idea which is taken from the Holy Qur'an and Islamic tenets adorned with mystic color and brocade. Regarding to the limitation of research, I've referred to only a few characteristics which Sanaee recommends his wayfarers.

This decade is the reflection of the enlightenment in Iran; it is also a period of opposing against backwardness, decadence, superstition, hesitations, at the same time the period of awareness and modernism. The quantitative development, in recent years, shows a kind of feministic self-awareness among them in the vast level of society and their dependence on getting self-identity. No doubt, the women, in these years, have had striking progress in the area of story writing. Their movements in art and writing are not only a cultural struggle, but also a foreign phenomenon.It has been tried, in this collection; to deal with the developments happened in the fields of thought and writing of this class of society.

Iran is an ancient country with the cultural background of 6000 years of civilization and 2500 years of recorded history and rich literature in both written and oral forms, the heritage from which the children have benefited a lot. Considering that the course literary development in each country is under the impact of its cultural, social, political, and economical conditions, children's literature cannot be excluded from this trend. It is divided into four periods which have had falling and rising courses, different themes and styles, and numerous kinds of literature such as translated and also classical works. In each period there have been seminars, exhibitions in the domain of poetry, picture, literary criticism, kinds of magazines and newspapers apprehensible to children and teenagers. Finally, by introducing new technology in the life of the children and its effect on the written literature, and the stance of Iranian children's literature in present condition, that's, entering the fourth level; we can witness the creation of independent teenagers' literature.

This article has been prepared with the aim of comparative studying of Sa'eb Tabrizi and Mirabed Seyyedayi Nasafi's poetry (representatives of Indian style in Iran and Tajikistan) in the domain of speech and meaning, and explanation on their common aspects and differences. Based on the existing texts of these two esteemed poets of Indian style, this article was arranged and its authenticity is the literary history of Iran and Tajikistan, stylistics, literary criticism and collected poems of those poets. In the comparison of their works, we came to this conclusion that closeness or remoteness of the poets to the cradle of the Persian language, and the existing situation of societies and nations, and cultural normalities and abnormalities are very effective in the development and promotion of the styles. Finally, the reader will notice that language eloquency has direct relationship with the awareness level of poetical language and its normalities and consequently transforms the interests and puts them in good direction."Unanimous self-sacrifying of friends is a thing of taste"

Every nation surely has literary works which illuminate as a golden page in its history and are considered their honor. But it must be admitted that these masterpieces are regarded only from special aspects, not from all other dimensions.Pondering on the Nahjolbalagha reveals the truth that Ali's (AS) words are not limited to a specific field and He himself was not confined to special aspect, but He was thoroughly developed in human entity. One's wonder increases when he understands that he was not under instruction of anybody. To confirm, one can refer to Ebne Hadid's words: "Look at the eloquence that has given his rein to this man … praised be God! A young arab is brought up in Mecca, doesn't meet any scholars, but his words in theoretical philosophy meetings, overshadows Socrates' (Ebne Hadid vol. 16: 145). And as Imam Khomeini (RA) said," We must, with pride, say and boast that the Nahjolbalagha is from our innocent Imam."