HISTORY OF LITERATURE (JOURNAL OF HUMAN SCIENCES)
Year:2011 | Volume:- | Issue:67/3|Papers Count:10

The present paper studies Abol-Hassan Ali Ibn Ziad Beyhaghi’s Javame Ahkam al-Nojoom, one of the most important books on astrology in the sixth century. A large number of common careers at the time of the author have been mentioned in this book, and it can be read as a sociological reference of that time as well, because there we can find many traditional beliefs about astrological rules. This book is valuable from the perspective of including the names of many astrological books and authors. From a literary point of view, Javame Ahkam al-Nojoom has its own value, as it very well reflects the stylistic characteristics of fifth- and the sixth-century writing. The prose of the book, because of its topic, is simple and non-literary; however, a number of difficult as well as Arabic words can be found there.

Political and social transformations constantly result in change in people’s lives and, in consequence, their way of thinking, their understanding and attitudes. These changes, in different periods, find shape in the works of poets in three dimensions of language, image and theme. This point can be felt very strongly in the poetry of the Safavid period. The Safavid Shah Ismail, the founder of the Safavid dynasty, in the early years of the seventeenth century, founded a uniform and centralized state in Iran. The first act of this young king was the establishment of Shiism as the official religion of the country. This fundamental ideological change, because it was in accordance with the most internal section of the people’s lives, that is their beliefs, resulted in great change and transformation within society. As a result, literature, and among it, poetry also were not unaffected by its direct influence. The existence of these special political and social conditions during the seventeenth century, and the visible restriction of the Persian poetry from the point of view of theme in relation to earlier times, required special attention to the issues regarding poetry and manners of that century. The present article aims to study and analyze political and social backgrounds of the seventeenth century based on respectable historical sources. Next it will deal with the thematic axes which have affected the poetry of five notable poets of this century, namely Baba Faghani Shirazi, Arfi Shirazi, Naziri Nishapuri, Navid Beygh Shirazi, and Mohtasham Kashani.

Khulasat al-Ash’ar (975-1016), one of the most valuable biographies in Persian literature, is the result of forty years of effort by Taqi al-din Kashani, known as Mire Tazkare. The biography shows the development of Persian poetry from the fourth century until the time of the author (the turn of the tenth century). Because of its importance and the necessity for its renovation, we alluded to the best way of obtaining the most complete copy possible. And since the first step towards the renewal of this work is to introduce and state the importance of available manuscripts, which exist in Iran and elsewhere, we did this in two sections. We discovered that all the twenty-two manuscripts in Iran are complete except for the second and fourth columns. It seems that the most complete manuscript outside Iran is the Bland (Lindesiana), which is, however, missing the fourth column. It has to be said that our knowledge of the existing manuscripts outside Iran (14 manuscripts) is based on the relevant manuscript index. It is obvious that a comprehensive study of these manuscripts might lead to the discovery of the fourth column as well, in which case its correction would result in the completion of this valuable biography.

Gheysar Aminpour (1959-2007) is one of the greatest and most influential poets of the period of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. A stylistic study of his poetry emphasizing his rhetorical innovations is the subject of this present article. His poetry is very valuable from the rhetorical point of view and has added to the capacities and power of the Persian language. Three important rhetorical and stylistic elements in the poetry of Aminpour are: wordplay, paradox, and brevity. There are a variety of wordplay in his poetry that are discussed in this article. Many of his wordplays are new. Paradox also, in terms of variety and frequency, has been studied in his poetry. Various factors of brevity in his poetry include: wordplay, symbolization, design-like poetry, short narratives, benefiting from quatrain and couplet structures, and reducing the lines of the sonnet. Aminpour has succeeded in integrating the stylistic and rhetorical features of classical and Nimaesque poetry within his own new and classical poetry. One of the factors that ultimately causes his outstanding style is innovations in the mentioned rhetorical elements and an insight into the poetic expectations of today’s audiences.

Mashrooteh revolution is one of the most important Political events in Iran contemporary period. By rising the Mashrooteh revolution in Iran, accrued tremendous evolution at cultural, social, Political and economical basses. Malek-o alshoara Bahar, the prominent poet of this period, in addition to his poetical carrier, he was very efficacious in politic too. He had seen sex kings of Ghajarie and pahlavi period, he has been accepted at national parliament five times, published several newspapers for exiting the people and he has prominent character in the political parties. Therefore his poems are one of the most important references in political conditions of Mashrooteh period. In this essay has been attempt to present different dimensions of new Mashrooteh period’s parliament in his poems.

Can it be true in literature that some accomplished poets get overshadowed and misunderstood by the impressive contributions of several of their contemporary poets based on a distinction in attitude and expression, using normative or a specific non-normative language, and that this problem has prevented research by others? Of course this problem might not have been the result of the prowess of a few; the scarcity, understanding and discrepancies of manuscripts, also might have caused a famous scholar to be forgotten. Even though Zia ad-Din Khojandi, according to Zabihollah Safa, was one of the literary masters of the end of the twelfth century, and his firm expression was proof of his poetic skills, like other unfortunate contemporaries, he has remained unknown. How has a poet who has shown his skills in a variety of poetic forms (fragment, quatrain, sonnet, and, especially, ode); and whose poetry contains many examples of eulogy, elegy, satire, raillery, love, nature, etc; and also one who has recounted the history of the accession and dismissal and death of many important personages, who have been neglected by history, remained so unknown. The writers of this brief, after a close study of his seventhousand-line book of verse, have reach a bright horizon as to the social, scientific and religious life, and also the approach to the composition of poetry that has remained hidden to literature until now. In this article concise and logical issues relating to the life, history and knowledge of the poet have been studied.

In addition to being influenced by internal factors, language and expression difficulty in Khaghani’s poetry, like all other phenomena, is also influenced by several external factors. Competition is one of the factors which always influences literary creations. As well as fixing faults, images, compositions and imageries can be developed through the comparison of style and behavior with those of others. The effect of hatred for environmental factors - which is also one of the external effects - is reflected in the form of inattentiveness to dominant thoughts and culture in society and sinking in individualistic thoughts beyond the comprehension of society. The effect of travelling is that it exposes the poet to new worlds, thoughts and experiences, widens his worldview and adds to his imagination domain and imageries.

Persian contemporary poetry in form, theme and literary technique has benefited from three rich sources. This poetry, has followed the rich treasury of Persian classical period, and has benefited well from the greatness and depths of its thought. Also, because of the possibilities and tools that the close-knit contemporary world has made available to mankind, it has benefited from the literary experiences of other countries, especially European culture. It has given up classical abstraction, and with objectivity, it has accepted the subjects of the real world into it as well. Persian modern poetry has been connected to the Iranian traditional culture, and the recreation of ancient narrations reflects its genuineness. These narrations at the process of creative misreading, extracted from the ancient world, represent new man and his modern world. The poetics of recreation can be analyzed according to Bakhtin’s Dialogism Theory and Kristeva’s Intertextuality. These new narrations are different from pastiches that we know in classical literature. This article analyzes the poetics of recreation, and for a case study, Nima’s “Ghoghnoos” (“Phoenix”) and Akhavan-e Sales’s “Katibe” (“Inscription”) have been chosen from mythical and folkloric narrations in Persian classical literature.

By analysis of a small part of “Jaye Khalei Solooch” based on the imaginative theory of Glibber Doran, we have tried to study the concept of time through the action area of the symbols in this novel. Representations of the fear and anxiety of the writer and characters of novel, precedence of the symbols by using of a famous parable in Iranian classic literature, and arrangement of this parable in the novel will be investigated. This study shows that imaginistic study is useful for structural understanding, meaning making and semantically development of text, though the given novel is a realistic one.

Ammi Sheravi in one of the virtuous and benevolent poets of the fifteenth century, and only one of his works, called Mesbah al-arvah, has survived. However, from the high number of available copies and the wide geographical range of libraries that contain a copy, one can conclude that the book was known and accepted among those interested in books and knowledge. In the said book one finds little information about the author, and he himself has not left much evidence of historical events or places that might aid in knowing him. The only reference is to an event in 1443 in Baghdad, by the tomb of Imam Mussa Kazem, that reveals a time and place for the author. In view of the events and difficulties besetting the new Horufieh sect, at the turn of the fifteenth century, during the Timurid period, and also the gentle treatment in two sections out of the twenty-five-part sections 1 of Mesbah al-arvah of Ammi Sheravi-containing much Horufieh thought-it is clear why such a wise and knowledgeable writer has deliberately hidden information about his own person. Introducing this unknown person and work can also reveal some of the missing links in understanding the background to the emergence of Shiite thought in fifteenth-century Iran.