Journal of Spatial Planning
Year:2014 | Volume:18 | Issue:2|Papers Count:7

Terrorist attacks are one of the biggest challenges in the 21 st century. Each year, thousands of people around the world lose their lives due to terrorist attacks. Cities and metropolises are among the foremost spaces to organize and carry out terrorist attacks. In fact, today the vast majority of terrorist attacks are happening in big cities so that terrorism can be considered a primarily urban phenomenon. Iran and its big cities are exposed to terrorist attacks due to the regional characteristics and the existence of terrorist groups in conflict with the Islamic Republic of Iran. There are a number of potentially vulnerable sites against terrorist attacks in Shiraz metropolis such as vital infrastructure, public places and centers of political power. This paper has used analytical descriptive method and documentary and inductive approach. For this purpose, we first examined the locations of terrorist attacks in large cities in the world, and then analyzed the most important locations at risk of terrorist attacks (conventional and non-conventional) in nine municipality zones of Shiraz. The results showed that zones 1, 2 and 8 in Shiraz are the most important and vulnerable zones against terrorist attacks, due to their physical characteristics, population concentration, and multiplicity of infrastructures.

The philosophy of any scientific discipline is the most fundamental issue of its subject matter. Explanation of the philosophy of geography is also included within the philosophy of science, which explains its nature, subject matter, ontology, epistemology, methodology, and final aim.The main problem for the writer of the paper was that the sources related to the philosophy of geography are either incomplete, or not related to the philosophy of science; rather they have been mainly related to the impact of philosophical thoughts on geography, and do not enjoy any logical integrity. More importantly, the essence of the writer's philosophical thought is either poor or has not enough sufficiency.Since the philosophy of geography is being seen as the constitution of the science of geography, and plays a focal role in its scientific life; so the writer of this paper looks to the philosophy of geography from another aspect, and explains it in the frame of answering to the six structural questions of the philosophy of science.

Ground water is an important source for drinking and agriculture in the world. Due to extraction of these resources and frequent droughts in recent years, the level of resources has dropped significantly. The aim of this study is investigating the impact of drought on groundwater level and estimating the time lag of drought in the Plain of Darab. To do this, rainfall data of Darab station were used and SPI index was extracted as an indicator for drought. Then trend analysis was used by using the Marin-Kendall's non-arametric test. The results indicated that the region has experienced drought condition during this period, and rainfall has been decreased. Analysis of 42 wells showed that the decline in groundwater levels in 40 wells has increased. One of the other remaining wells had a fixed trend, and the other has been reduced in the drop rate. The results of correlation in precipitation data and drop in groundwater level showed that the decline in groundwater levels relevant to precipitation occurs with 5 months lag.

Studying the marketing chain and channels of agricultural production is growing since 1990 as a scientific field. Economist, sociologist and management experts have participated in the study and explanation of agricultural production marketing chain. In this regard, from sociologist perspective, seeking in human's organizational manners and actions, employment of technical perspective, and continues study of bridged processes and their relations have caused to the appearance of marketing chain and channels study course. Thus, the study of chain, cycle or marketing channels of agricultural production could be divided into three main streams, in clouding supply chain management, economic organizations approach and network approach. Experiences and studies in different countries show that there are different marketing channels for agricultural production, especially for milk and dairy productions in rural areas; each of them has distinct elements and ties for exchanging and trading the produced milk or the other milk products from producers to consumers. The main goal of this study is determining the most efficient element or member of milk marketing process among the all elements and ties participating in the milk marketing stream in Khodabandeh County. For this goal, we used descriptive-annalistic methodology, questionnaire tools (for data gathering), field study and multi-criteria decision making technique (DEMATEL). The results showed that milk collection centers play an important role in the spatial milk marketing channels from producers to consumers.

In hydrocarbon resource's exploration process, several geological, geochemical, and geophysical maps are required. Furthermore, according to the capabilities of geographic Information System (GIS), and with the widespread use of multi-criteria decision making methods in GIS, this method seems a proper method for hydrocarbon resource's potential suitability mapping. Also, in order to understand the behavior of the model, a GIS-based multi-criteria decision making with sensitivity analysis process seems to be necessary. Therefore, in this paper, a sensitivity analysis approach is presented for measuring the dependency of the model output to input criteria weights, and identifying sensitive criteria to weight changes. The 1:25000 sheet of Ahvaz, which contains great oil fields, was selected to implement the model. For this purpose, GIS data layers including total organic carbon indicator, potential yield for hydrocarbon generation indicator, Tmax, indicator, proximity to anticline axes, and presence of or proximity to high residual Bouguer Gravity anomaly areas were used. The results demonstrated that presence of or proximity to high residual Bouguer Gravity anomaly areas has the highest sensitivity, and Tmax indicator has the lowest among all criteria. The final suitability map classified about 82 percent of the known reserves in very suitable and suitable classes in total.

Maximum temperatures affect a wide range of activities, especially in the afternoon hours and warm period of the year. This paper analyzes the temporal and spatial variations of mean maximum temperatures and the highest temperatures in Iran by using the statistical methods within a 45-year period (1964 to 2008). Temperature zonings were performed by using the Raster GIS capabilities, and evaluated by various statistical tests. Also the relationships between the maximum temperatures and geographical factors, as well as the temperature trends were investigated via regression equations. The results revealed six different zones of maximum temperatures in Iran. Analysis of the maps and comparison of the standardized b coefficients of multivariate regression models, confirmed the latitude and then the altitude significant roles in controlling the maximum temperatures, especially during the cold period of the year, along with the lowest temperature variabilities in the southern coasts. Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests indicated normality of the temperatures and in most cases equality of temperature variances between zones, respectively. Also Games-Howell and Gabriel tests proved that the mean maximum temperatures among the zones have significant pairwise differences in all time scales, proving the accuracy of the zonings. The mean afternoon temperature throughout the country was calculated based on the raster calculations at the rate of 25.3oC, which has been increased at the rate of 0.62oC as compared to the last 45 years.

Rapid urbanization growth has led to inequity in living conditions, and access to physical and social infrastructures among different urban social groups and districts in the recent decades. The aim of the present research is to identify the existing inequities in the city of Qaemshahr and to investigate the function of urban management in it. Spatial justice as the main approach and the perspectives of base equity are were for analyzing the distribution of urban public services. Also the approach of basic needs was considered to analysis the distribution of city public resources. The methodology of the research has been based on descriptive-analytical approache, and comparative method was used to compare the different districts. The level of accessibility to services was analyzed via GIS, and the quality of resource allocation was investigated using comparative method. The results revealed that there is inequity among the residents of different districts regarding to services, resource allocation and expenditure feasibility. So that the central and west districts of the city have the highest accessibility to services and resource allocation while the eastern part of the city remain quite low in this regard. The results clearly illustrate the correspondence of deprived districts, and the concentration of resources and services in some areas, which exemplify the existence of injustice and dual condition of Qaemshahr, resulting from the lack of proper attention to principles and criteria of spatial justice in urban management policies.