Political International Researches
Year:2019 | Volume:10 | Issue:37 |Papers Count:7

It has long been argued that the controversy of identity is one of the main sources of crisis in the Middle East and international politics. That is, the existence of differences in the identity of the countries causes tension between them, while the convergence and similarity can lead to cooperation. Nevertheless, empirical evidence from the Middle East has long defied this hypothesis. The present study seeks to answer the question why does Saudi Arabia, who claims to be the leader of the Islamic world, has repeatedly opposed the rise of Islamist movements in the Middle East? The research hypothesis implies that, In the case of Saudi foreign policy, similarity became particularly threatening as the distinctiveness of the Saudi identity was challenged and identity similarity is as a source of conflict. To address this paradox, this article builds on the growing literature on ontological security to explaining how similarity can generate Tension, insecurity and identity risks. The article follows with a comparison of Saudi identity risks in the wake of the Iranian revolution (1979) and the ascendance of the Muslim Brotherhood to power in Egypt (2012).

The Arab Middle East developments that began in 2011 are a milestone in the political history of this strategic area of the world. Although the Islamic Republic of Iran has always striven to influence the Middle East but the post-2011 revolutionary developments in the Middle East have provided more influence to Iran in Bahrain, Yemen, Iraq, and Syria. The main question is that "The foreign policy of the Islamic Republic in relation to the developments in Islamic awakening, especially in the context of the Syrian crisis What has been the reason for increasing Iran's influence in the region? "The main purpose, which is carried out through a descriptive-analytical method based on constructive theory, is to influence the Islamic Republic of Iran in the region based on its foreign policy components To clarify how its loyalty to the principles of foreign policy of the Islamic Republic and its valorous Islamic ideals, which makes it the identity of this foreign policy, is clear. The result is that Iran wants to expand its identity values in the region, but it is trying to get more influential in the region, using the policy of unity with Russia, first of all its national security.

The most important Salafi Jihadism group influenced in West Africa is Boko Haram. This group gained popularity in 2009 following a great rebellion. The ideology of Boko Haram is Salafi-Jihadist and they believe that Islam must be eradicated from the external change that enters in it. This discourse seeks to create a Salafi identity that in response to other discourses covers the differences by emphasizing signs. Each of these signs affects the elaboration of the Boko Haram discourse as well as the security structure in West Africa. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical; And Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory are used as a theoretical framework. The present study addresses this question that how the spread of Boko Haram's Salafist discourse has had an impact on the security structure of West Africa? the central idea and hypothesis of the research is that the Boko Haram discourse in West Africa is looking for an equivalence chain with the central plan of the revival of the Islamic State and the periods of Takfiri, opposition, and hostility anti-rationale to expand Salafi discourse. But this identity and discourse have led to tensions in the West African security structure due to extremism.

Due to its inherent geopolitical Specification and new Geo-economic components, Africa has become a strategic area for emerging powers to compete. As many analysts have called this century as the century of Africa. From this perspective, international activists (such as governments, multinational corporations, transnational corporations) are revising and designing their strategic policies and strategies with Africa. In the same framework, one of the main orientations and fundamental attitudes of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the international arena is the issue of developing relations and expanding relations with Africa and promoting the level of cooperation in various aspects of political, economic and cultural affairs with African actors. The question now is that Iran, which, according to its 1404 vision document, is seeking to play an effective role in acting as an active inspiration in the field of international relations, does have a pattern in its relationship with Africa? And what are the characteristics of Islamic-Iranian Patterns to Islamic relations with Africa? The research method is descriptive-analytic and based on qualitative method and data collection, written and online sources.

The joining of the Hekmatyar to the process of Afghanistan national peace has been one of the most recent controversial upheaval and affective on the political-security situation this country. The discovery of the cause of this state-reception and the Hekmatyar's historic anti-state is a major issue in this paper. The purpose of this question is to represent the role of politics on the emergence of violence in Afghanistan. Therefore, the question of the present research is that what was the main reason for Hekmatyar's military approach to the states of Afghanistan (1966-2016) and then change it to political approach? The research hypothesis, which is operationalized in the format of the structural theory of Douglas North’ s social orders, is follows: the nature and structure of the power systems of the kingdom (1933), authoritarian (1973), communist (1978), non-institutional (1992), and fundamentalist in Afghanistan (1996), which is opposed to Hekmatyar’ s Islamism and democratism policy, imposed an armed approach on the party. But, relatively democratic, institutionalized and Islamic system of the post-Taliban Afghanistan provided a peaceful approach to the party. Therfore, , the policy of governments, not the construction of a society has led to the emergence of social violence in Afghanistan.

Celebrity diplomacy is a key tool in attracting public attention to the public issues and crisis in international politics. Over the past two decades, celebrities have increasingly used their power and fame to draw global attention to important international issues such as poverty, debt crisis, infectious diseases, war, etc and based on these activities, they have been recognized as celebrity diplomats. This has led to a widespread use of celebrities in international politics. Diplomatic activity of celebrities broadens the informal political milieus of international politics and it is transferred important issues of international politics to the center of every day life's discourse of ordinary people. Moreover, it is given the Aesthetic dimension to the international politics. Accordingly, the fundamental question of the present research is that how does celebrity diplomacy effect on international politics? In the answer to this question and with a descriptive-analytical method this paper emphasizes that diplomatic activity of celebrities in international politics increases the focus and attraction of public opinion and ordinary citizens on international issues and political crises. The attention that was not possible through state-level and traditional diplomacy.

Some international harms and injuries may be suffered by the victims through the commission of these crimes. The strategic policy of the Court has been linked with a critical and strategic approach to the political life of governments. Compensation has been institutionalized as an integral part of the strategic policy strategy of the International Criminal Court. The power element and the kind of strong and powerful relations with the Supreme Court can be decisive in the implementation of this policy, but the Supreme Court faces serious obstacles and obstacles in pursuit of strategic goals and policies by imposing authoritarian policies of global superpowers. These obstacles have created the balance of criminal justice system in dealing with international crimes. By this way the compensation as part of the function of the court is expressed through the implementation of the compensation plans. The Statute provides for the general points regarding compensation. However, the Court needs to establish the principles and procedures in every case. The main question in this research is what are the principles governing compensation within the ICC. For replying this question, the present research-which is in a descriptive-analytical method.