POLITICAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY
Year:2011 | Volume:- | Issue:16|Papers Count:14

During the lifetime of the United Nations the application of article103 of the Charter has never been so frequent as in the last20 years. This Article stipulates that in the event of a conflict between the obligations of the members under the Charter, and their obligations under any other international agreements, the former shall prevail. Complications arise when the Security Council issues mandatory decisions, which overlook treaty-based obligations of Member States. This practice is based on the combination of articles25 and 103; the latter declares that Member States agree to accept and implement decisions of the Security Council. The present essay reflects on the views of international law experts on the interpretation of articles25 and 103, in three parts. Firstly, four main frequent questions regarding article103 are examined as follows: does article103 imply rights in addition to duties; does it include only the obligations coming from treaties, or those of customary international law and jus cogens as well; does article103 include all the mandatory decisions of the Council and lastly, what is the position of the Convention on the law of Treaties on this subject? In the second section, the ambit of powers of the Security Council according to articles24 and 25 is discussed. The third part of the article, while giving superlative importance to the letter and spirit of the Charter, puts forward the analysis of the present author. In order to encourage further discussion on the subject and attract the attention of young international law experts, the conclusion ends with a fresh question as follows: “In the event of contradiction between the provisions of the Charter and a mandatory resolution of the Security Council, which one has priority?”

Turkey is among the most important Middle East region countries. Turkey, at first, excluded the Middle East region from her priority in foreign policy during1990 decade when Ataturk’s supporters took power, but following the regional and world changes, she turned her attention to the region. Turkey is the first Muslim country which recognized Israel and she is also among the first countries which recognized Palestinian state in exile. Hereby, she could set good relations with both Israel and Muslim Arab countries and performed an influential role in the Middle East peace process. The military influence in the power structure and close relation with the west helped Turkey to continue her relations with Israel in different periods. After the recent world developments, especially since2000 year onwards. The Islamists of the Justice and Development party in Turkey could apply independent foreign policy and hereby tried to defend the rights of Palestinians and influence Israeli- Palestinian conflict as well.

Since the Pakistan’s independence of India and establishment of a republic system upon the Islamic Shariat in the county, she has always been confronted with internal disorder and instability in the political system. Actually, Pakistan’s main problem related to her political structure. In fact, in addition to Pakistan’s principal power institutions, there are several pressure and influential groups which are able to diverse the dominant political atmosphere towards their interests. The Pakistan’s army, as a security institution also has a determinant role in political scene. The Islamic parties and groups are influential as well on political positions so that they have recently challenged the central government. However, the article seeks to conclude from the aboved propositions that how is the power structure in Pakistan and what are influential factors in the continuous political instability during two recent decades.According to the principal hypothesis: in addition to the three main powers as the power hierarchy in Pakistan, the army, political parties and groups and religious organizations are among those important power centers in Pakistan.This combination, besides religious fundamentalism and factionalism are main causes of political instability in Pakistan.

A passing view at twentieth century history indicates that the capitalist system has always been faced to political, economic and military crises.Although the theories on international political economy have some common points over the very existence of such a crisis, but, they have different views on the nature, causes, depth and strategic ways to go out of it as well.The theory of hegemonic stability with different view and scientific-historic attitude, seeks to know the crisis and its causes and effects. From the view point of this theory, the most important growth factor in international political economy returns to the existence of a hegemony. Therefore, the crisis in the world political economy arises from its decline, while, the growth and prosperity in the world economy during decades of1950 and 1960 resulting from the United States hegemony and its mechanisms such as GATT, WTO, IMF and WB, besides the West's security guarantee through NATO and energy security; the world economy crisis and its negative consequences for multilateral trading during1970 decade onward resulted from U.S. hegemony decline.

The existing conditions in the Middle East region after the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran imposed an isolation atmosphere on I.R.I. which has been continued until present time. Therefore, I.R.I. foreign policy decision makers, due to the ideological oriented framework of government, aimed their central sector of regional activities at under levels of political structures of regional countries, such as parties and groups and sometimes coreligious groups, instead of establishing strategic and tactical relations with the regional states. The article attempts to study general diplomacy of the9th and 10th governments which in some views reminds the1360 decade value oriented discourse in I.R.I. foreign policy, except the fact that in1360 decade discourse the emphasis was on extending relations with nations instead of states. while at present time it is urged the relations to be extended with groups and parties in the regional countries.This is a process within fundamentalist justice oriented discourse which should be regarded useful to apply both internally and externally.

In the post-soviet collapse world and the appearance of new conditions in the Transcaucasia and Central Asia, Israel, as one of the Middle East countries, gained a new opportunity by making relations with Azerbaijan which eased her influence on southern Caucasia. Israel, since the beginning of her establishment until now has always been surrounded by hostile Arab countries and has not been able to make political and economic relationship, like many other ones, with them. Therefore, the Israeli’s attempt on her foreign policy has mostly been spent regarding to establish relations with non-Arab states in the Middle East within periphery plan. As a result, Israel, in 1992, by recognizing new Azerbaijan state tried to cooperate with her in political, economic and security grounds in order to achieve her different goals. Azerbaijan’s needs of modern technology, foreign investment and economic growth and the absence of them in the southern Caucasia states convinced Azerbaijanian politicians cooperate with Israel in both industrial and agricultural sectors.The new relationship enabled Azerbaijan to improve her economy and to increase her security as well. Azerbaijan also realized that Israeli's powerful lobbying in the United States and the west would gain necessary supports to help her facing regional threats. However, the relationship between two countries from different regions has been formed on the basis of mutual cooperation with in the periphery plan.

United Nations has taken some serious measures in order to distribute good and desirable values. The article tries to prepare an answer to this key question that how far the issue has led to positive achievements for international community to avoid from immoral behavior regarding international relations, and if not, what are its reasons? According to the relevant research done here examined the hypothesis that indicates the United Nations has not finally done its best as it ought to.United Nations has not attempted to distribute high values and has shown inefficiency regarding to the issue. However, it should not also be denied some positive actions taken by the United Nations such as the Secretary General’s millennium declaration, U.N. reforms, humanitarian and human rights actions.By such measures, United Nations has been able to increase its future efficiency in order to achieve a better result.

Despite of many geographical, historical, cultural, religious and political system differences between Israel and Saudi Arabia, they have some similarities that overshadow relations between these two states. The deep and wide military, security, intelligence and economic ties of both Israel and Saudi Arabia with western countries and specially with the United States, their need to influence on the Middle East region states, and also, their security concerns about instabilities and the possibility of development of the weapons of mass destruction in the region, are among factors which have caused both two countries to have close relations in recent decades. Regarding to this mutual need, Saudi Arabia has actively and continuously participated to bring peace between Israel and Palestinians which has been welcomed by Israel. Both two states have also close sympathy on their security concerns in the region and especially on the mass destruction weapons development. Recent political development in many Arab countries that has been named as “Arab Spring” or “Islamic Awakening”, since2011 onward, has caused both two states to accept having a sort of indirect strategic accompany regarding their concerns on development in the region.

One of the main foundation of the development in the country is related to its educational sector. The special importance of the education is mainly due to the fact that is considered as an important instrument in the process of development as a whole on the one hand, and also as one of the development goals on the other hand. In different countries the establishment and activity of educational system has been recognized as an ordinary matter and usually a large quantity of financial resources are spent on it through public or private budgets. In addition, considerable amount of the best part of human's life time is allocated to the different kind of education. Such an importance has led education to be gradually recognized as a main subject of policy making both internally and internationally. While education was thought to be an unknown subject in the past, by increasing its acceptance as a strategic factor to improve national development, the argument of analytical study on educational policies has become a very important issue as well. The importance of studies on educational policies has never been to such an escale internationally. Therefore, nowadays examining the educational problems, including macro-policies and planning on its development as the main goal of the policies is regarded as a necessity.

Afghanistan has experienced a bitter history during20th century. The collapse of monarchy regime, communists take over, occupation of country by Soviet Red army, civil war between different factions and finally Taliban's take power were part of that history to be mentioned. Taliban, as an extreme Islamist group were supported by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The Taliban in turn gave support to Al-Qaeda group who managed 9/11terrorist attacks which consequently led to the United States and Western countries attack on Afghanistan. The collapse of Taliban group led to the establishment of a new government by Hamid Karzai.After the establishment in Afghan government the Pakistani's intervention in Afghanistan internal affairs helped Taliban's power revival once again. This forced Afghanistan and foreign forces to negotiate with moderate wing of Taliban group in order to share power with them. These attempts were due to keep peace and order in Afghanistan. These attempts have not yet reached to a desirable result. The article aimes to deal with the problem regarding to the future of Afghanistan.